Cultural Anthropology Comparison Essay Essay

Two writers distributed separate articles that talked about the impacts of Technology on families and on society all in all. These articles are Technology and Social Change: The Effects on Family and Community, composed by Jan English-Lueck in 1998 and Communication innovations that will completely change us, composed by Graham T. T. Screen in 2003. In any case, while the two writers talked about a similar theme, which is the way innovation by and large influences the lives of individuals, they contrast in the zones that they concentrated on in their separate articles. Fundamentally, English-Lueck, in his article, asserted that innovation has not quite influenced the manner in which relatives impart among one another, however has rather improved it. As per him, the most huge and most evident effect of innovation on a family is that a person’s working hours reach out to their work home. At the end of the day, a because of the gigantic upgrade of innovation, an individual brings their work home when the individual ought to assign that time for their family. In light of English-Lueck’s article, while this can at first be seen as a negative effect, the truth of the matter is, innovation has very improved the manner in which relatives convey among one another. For instance, a family outdoors excursion can without much of a stretch be arranged in a solitary evening using a pager or an E-mail when contrasted with the regular technique for arranging it over supper. In addition, as indicated by the article, relatives who invest the majority of their energy at work can consistently check if their kids by paging them or calling them utilizing a cellphone. Moreover, an individual can react to crisis obligations at work through by utilizing a fax machine. At the end of the day, English-Lueck in his article asserts that it isn't right to expect that results of innovation has contrarily influenced the family life since it they have really made correspondence between individuals progressively advantageous and increasingly consistent. Then again, Graham T. T. Monitor’s article concentrated on how fast innovation has been expanding over the previous years and how this has lead to separating boundaries in correspondence. Fundamentally, Monitor said that because of steady mechanical headways, which he accepts will before long match the speed and intensity of the human mind, the general public and families, both youthful and old, can undoubtedly get to a wide range of advanced specialized gadgets that can empower them to convey among themselves anyplace and whenever. As indicated by him, this is perhaps the most significant impact on the family since it connects the separation between relatives or kinfolk that are far away from one another. At the end of the day, Monitor asserts that the innovation is improving so quickly that individuals could never need to stress over correspondence issues. To put it plainly, the two creators guarantee that while innovative headways can at first seem overpowering, it ought not unfavorably influence the manner in which families live their lives yet rather improve it. As per them, as innovation improves, families ought to adjust to these new changes and use them for their potential benefit. Besides, both English-Lueck and Montior concurred on a basic level that these mechanical improvements make work, family the board, and, the greater part of all, correspondence increasingly proficient and that these innovative patterns will proceed later on.

The Death Penalty Is Dead Wrong :: Capital Punishment

Why the Death Penalty is Dead Wrong A great many people contend that capital punishment isn't a type of merciless and strange discipline. Be that as it may, this is incredibly off base. Hot seat casualties can take as long as 14 minutes to bite the dust, keeping up full cognizance as their substance starts to sear and consume off. During deadly infusion, "even a slight mistake in measurements or organization can leave a detainee cognizant in any case, deadened with torment, filling in as an observer for his own demise." The following is an onlooker record of an Arizona gas chamber execution given by Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens: "When the exhaust encompassed Don's head he took a snappy breath. A couple of moments later, he glanced again in my heading. His face was red and bended as though he were endeavoring to battle through enormous torment. His mouth was pressed together shut and his jaw was grasped tight. Wear at that point took a few all the more snappy swallows of the exhaust. His body begun writhing savagely and his skin turned a profound red...the viens in his sanctuary and neck started to swell until I figured they may detonate. After about a moment, Don's face inclined halfway forward, however he was still very cognizant. He was shivering wildly and his body was racked with fits. His head kept on snapping back. His clench hands were held firmly. After a few additional minutes, the most rough of the seizures died down. At this time, the muscles along Don's left arm and back started jerking in a wavelike movement under his skin. Saliva slobbered from his mouth. Wear Harling took precisely ten minutes and 31 seconds to kick the bucket. Roughly three months afterward, he was found innocent." Also, it wasn't the first run through. Pardon International locales that "from 1900 to 1985 more than 350 individuals condemned to death were later seen as guiltless of the wrongdoings charged. Some excaped execution by just minutes, however 23 were really executed. Inside the most recent 20 years, 54 Americans under sentence of death have been discharged in light of proof of their innocence." In contrast to an actual existence detainment, passing offers no additional opportunity. On the off chance that new proof surfaces after the individual has been executed, it's past the point where it is possible to do anything about it. Capital punishment doesn't set aside citizens any cash, either. Numerous individuals have the misguided judgment that hoodlums ought not be permitted to "rot in jail" squandering citizens cash. In any case, an investigation directed by the Death Punishment Information Center (DPIC) presumes that citizens pay an normal of $3.2 million dollars for every capital punishment case - enough to sentence somebody to 120 years in a most extreme security office. Capital punishment is likewise not a detterent to wrongdoing.

Essay Topics on Sports and Society - How to Write Essays on Sports and Society

Essay Topics on Sports and Society - How to Write Essays on Sports and SocietyEssay topics on sports and society have become more complicated because of the huge amount of diversity found in today's world. Sports are affected by many different factors that range from physical conditions to mental health to lifestyle changes to society itself. If you have a sport that you'd like to discuss, it's important to write about all of these different elements so that you can get your essay articles across to your reader with as little confusion as possible.First, it is important to remember that the nature of a sport is something that is very flexible. Sports are not static. They change and grow and evolve as time goes on. Because of this, you must learn about the events that occur within the sport and the public relations that surround those events. The public has an intense interest in sports, so you should take advantage of this and make your essay topics sports and society interesting.Whe n you want to get into sports and society, you need to focus on what athletes have to deal with on a daily basis. A good topic to start with is the psychology of sports. When you're thinking about sports and psychology, you will be able to really get into some deep and important issues that often times do not get enough attention. When you are covering the subject of sports and psychology, you will be able to give a perspective on why athletes are so determined to overcome personal problems and professional concerns. If you are going to include this topic in your essay, you must also include any other mental health related topics that are relevant to the sport.In addition to the topics related to athletes and psychology, you also need to have a place to talk about sports and society. Think about what kinds of social issues could be considered sports and society related. These include things like violence, racism, teen suicide, and alcohol abuse among others. By focusing on these iss ues, you will be able to give your essay topics sports and society an exciting aspect that your readers will enjoy.Many students may not think that essay topics on sports and society is a problem, but it really is. You will be adding so much to your essay that a reader will get lost in the details if you do not talk about these topics in a specific manner. For example, you may want to write about people in sports and society who deal with alcoholism. While you are discussing people who have these problems, you may also want to include the different types of alcohol that they consume.It's important to be as specific as possible when you're writing about these social aspects of sports and society. By getting too general, you'll be giving the reader a taste of what the topic is without actually giving them a full grasp of what it is. Be sure to include the different methods of consuming alcohol so that you can be as specific as possible in your essay topics.Another thing that you need to think about when you're choosing essay topics for the past year is the scope of what you're writing about. If you're going to be talking about sports and society, you'll need to be specific about what you're looking at. Not only should you give examples of social issues that are relevant to the topic, but you should also be able to give examples of things that happen during a game, week, or season.In order to be successful at all of this, it's a good idea to plan your topics out before you begin. You should make a schedule and divide the topics into sections for your year so that you have a sense of what your topics will be and how long each one will be. Make sure that you include all of the components that you need to cover when you're planning out your topics. Having an outline will help you focus on the important things so that you can get your essay topics written quickly and easily.

Macbeth Mental Illness Essay - 746 Words

In the beginning of the play, Macbeth was in a great state of mind, he won the war for the people of Scotland, and was seen as a hero. On the way home from war, Macbeth meets three witches who prophesied that he will become The King of Scotland, which led to the ultimate downfall of his mental health. Throughout the rest of the play, you start to see him struggle with insomnia, hyperarousal, hallucinations, paranormal schizophrenia, and anxiety which we see throughout the play, that gradually gets worse. Just before Macbeth goes into Duncan‘s room, he envisions a bloody dagger which is one of the many psychotic episodes that he’s bound to have. Macbeths actions, thoughts, and need to keep his masculinity in order, lead to the fall of†¦show more content†¦After the murder of Banquo, MacBeth hallucinates Banquo’s ghost at the table, And states that he cannot sit down because the table is full (3.4). I personally believe that Lady MacBeth was the ultimate re ason for MacBeth’s mental deterioration, she played a key part in his decision-making when it came to his run in of power. This all leads up to the incompatibility of living a normal life, which led to the downfall of him being king. MacBeth is influenced by his wife to kill Duncan, wasn’t so much of her influencing him it was more of her challenging his manhood. With him being king in a war he had to uphold his reputation for being â€Å"tough†, which means that he did not want the enemy to think of him and lesser of a man than he really was. If you can’t look up to someone who’s king, masculine, and a war hero who else are you supposed to look up to. In my view I think this was Macbeth’s softspot, he always wanted to seem like a competitor he always wanted to be the victor. MacBeth had a problem with leaving things alone he could have not been dethroned, had he just killed Dunkin, and Macduff. He killed Banquo because the people viewed him as a well respected and royal man, and in Macbeth’s eyes this was a potential threat that had to be dealt with. During Macbeth’s run in with power, instead of getting the glory, joy, throne, and the power that comes with being king, MacBeth only set himself up forShow MoreRelatedEssay On Mental Illness In Macbeth1182 Words   |  5 PagesScotland vs. Macbeth, the prosecution will claim a tale of a power-hungry man who let ambition get the best of him. They will present physical evidence of him with the dagger, him conspiring with his wife, and him hiring men to kill. However, the evidence presented today by the defense will tell the true story: a man overtaken by mental illness. Macbeth displays the classic signs of narcissistic personality disorder: elevated sense of entitlement and delusions about power. While Macbeth did commitRead MoreSexual Frustration as the Root of Evil Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagespeople develop neuroses as a result of frustration. Freud’s essays on this topic postulate that sexual repression may result in aggressive behavior. These two elements emerge in the characters in Macbeth. In Freud’s book, Civilization and its discontents, he takes the premise even farther by correlating severe sexual frustration with the onset of psychoses. In regard to Macbeth, I believe that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth portray this spiral into psychosis as a result of theirRead MoreMacbeth Essay819 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth Essay In Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, Macbeth undergoes many psychological tribulations. There is no doubt that he is insane, but the specifics of his conditions help explain the peculiarities of the play. Macbeth’s character was perhaps the culmination of all the psychological disorders known at Shakespeare’s day. He experienced disorders such as split personality, schizophrenia, and post traumatic stress. These disorders could be caused by stress on the battlefield and a poor spousalRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1582 Words   |  7 Pagesto you and told you would be king would you trust them? Macbeth did and ultimately it led to his tragic demise. The tragedy of Macbeth was written by famous poet William Shakespeare in the earl sixteen hundredth. The play dramatizes the destructive physical and mental effects of radical ambition for people who seek authority for the benefit of an individual. Macbeth’s theme of ambition, lust for powe r, faith, and gullibility makes Macbeth his own antagonist, which is directly correlated to his deathRead MoreShakespeares Novel Macbeth1577 Words   |  7 Pagesif no one felt guilt? If no one ever caught caught for their crimes? In Shakespeares novel, Macbeth, the main characters commit crimes driven by their ambition. After committing the first crime Macbeth, the main antagonist is overwhelmed with guilt. His wife, Lady Macbeth plotted the first crime and was the main force pushing Macbeth to kill. In the end Macbeth is charged with the truth and Lady Macbeth kills herself both brought down equally from guilt. Guilt and fear of being found out causesRead MoreLady Macbeth1937 Words   |  8 PagesLady Macbeth Essay I am going to do an essay on a play called Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare. The play is a tragedy, believed to have been written in 1611-12. The play is about a man named Macbeth whom, at first is a kind, tender man who later gets tempted by three foul witches to commit a murder in order to become king. Macbeth’s wife, Lady Macbeth is thrilled by the prophecies given by the witches and is eager for Macbeth to commit the murder. Macbeth disagrees with his wife greatlyRead MoreWas Lady Macbeth Evil? Essay2956 Words   |  12 PagesLady Macbeth is the penultimate person in the play, especially at the beginning, next to Macbeth himself. And though she does not survive to the end, her influence on Macbeth lasts throughout. She is most influential person in Macbeth ´s downfall, next to the witches. However, her relationship with him goes far deeper then that of the witches. It is my belief that the witches act only as a trigger to start the events in the play, and that Lady Macbeth herself was the driving force behindRead MoreMacbeth Dreams Visions and Hallucinations Rereading2477 Words   |  10 PagesThe influence of Dreams, Visions and Hallucinations in Macbeth and other Literary Texts â€Å"The realities of the world affected me as visions, and as visions only, while the wild ideas of the land of dreams became, in turn,—not the material of my every-day existence--but in very deed that existence utterly and solely in itself.† ---- Edgar Allan Poe Uncanny encounters with visions and hallucinations blur the presumed constraints of time and space. The ‘phantasms’ or sensory impressionsRead MoreTragic Drama According to AC Bradleys Theory of Shakespeare and a Comparison of Arthur Miller and August Wilsons Concept of Tragedy2899 Words   |  12 Pageswe become fascinated. Bradley emphasizes on viewing the literary techniques used not as the basic constituents but as the expression of tragedy. Some of the major characters in Shakespeares renowned tragedies are Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth. Most of these characters are individual sufferers as in reality; a single man faces the paradoxes of life. In every work of Shakespeare, irrespective of the individually unique traits, we find a shattered hope or a failed ambition as a reason forRead Moreshakespeare influences16068 Words   |  65 PagesQUESTION 5. SIGNIFICANCE AND RATIONALE 6. ANALYSIS 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. ABSTRACT This thesis analysis the textual and symbolic similarities between Shakespeare s tragedies Macbeth and Hamlet and William Faulkner s the sound and the furry and Absalom, Absalom!. Faulkner absorbed essential characteristics of Shakespearean tragedies and utilized them consciously and unconsciously in the creation of his own tragic figures. Comparison

Marriage and Kinship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2461 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Marriage is recognized as the basic foundation on which family is formed. Anthropologists view marriage as a way of different societies understanding mating and its consequences. It is a union of two people that is used to regulate heterosexual relationships, stating who is an acceptable sexual partner and who is not. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Marriage and Kinship" essay for you Create order It is the foundation of families.   Through marriage, households are formed, resulting in the development of kinship ties and continuing of family name by birth. In the western culture, marriage results in permanent bonds between the couple, with centrally assigned sexual rights among the couple and parenthood responsibility. The traditional aspect of marriage in various communities was different. This paper aims at tackling the change in the anthropological view of marriage and kinship ties in the society. People get married for various reasons. Some are logic and some are not at all. People marry because they are in love. They decide to spend the rest of their lives together. It is easy to assume so, but not many get to marry because of love always. Others are in the marriage because they do not want to be lonely, or they are pregnant and do not want to be single parents. Others marry for financial purposes. Traditionally, marriage is to provide companionship and create an ideal environment for the couple to have children and continue their linage. Some reasons for marriage are political and others are economic. Families will intermarry to keep power within their dynasties. Marriage is not always about love or sex only. In communities where sex before marriage is prohibited, marriage gives the couple a license to practice sex without questioning. It gives one the right to sexually own the other. It commits two, to be together in body and soul, to provide for their children and be reco gnized by the society (Williams, 43). Anthropologically, all the definitions given to marriage and kinship try to account for all the changes that these two institutions have gone through. This is for instance taking into account polyandrous marriages and gay marriages. Most anthropologists view marriage as a legitimacy based institution though economic anthropologists like Duran Bell criticize this idea. Other anthropologists argue that not all definitions of marriage apply to all communities. Leach offered a list of rights associated with marriage. They include: Establishing of a legal father to a woman’s child Give the child a legal mother Give the couple monopoly in sexuality Give a husband rights to a wife’s domestic labor services and the wife too those of the husband Give the couple monopoly over each other’s property. To establish a joint property ownership for the benefit of the children And establish a relationship of affinity between the husband and wife’s brothers. Marriage was formerly tied to just man and woman. So much has changed within the marriage institution now. Same sex marriages are not strange of late.   Monogamy and gay marriages are factors that have changed with time. So is marriages to next of kin. A cultural anthropologist Robert Meyers observes the changes the marriage institution has undergone over the years. He states that the traditional form of marriage in the United States of America was monogamy. Polygamy and polyandry was shunned and looked down upon. The idea of marrying kin members was also a repulsive idea and most Americans did not approve of it.   Now the situation is different though. Polyandry and polygamy are not a big issue. Cousins can marry without much societal reproach. Gay marriages have been constitutionalized. Divorces are almost becoming a trend. The basic structure of marriage that used to exist got smashed along the way. These factors are discussed more below. Monogamy. This is the practice of marrying one wife or one husband at a time. There are any types of marriages but this is the only type of marriage that is legal in most nations. In some states polygamy was allowed due to traditional cultures but over time, it became illegal. Monogamy can be social, sexual, martial, or genetic. It is social monogamy when two people choose to build their lives around each other in terms of sex and parenting. Sexual monogamy is when the couple is sexually exclusive with each other.   Genetic monogamy is where the two have only children with each other, and serial monogamy is where one partner quits a relationship with the other and moves on to the next partner, one at a time. Christianity upholds monogamy and it being the main religion in most nations, monogamy is widely practiced. It is important to notice that although monogamy involves one partner at a time, one can divorce and marry someone else. Polygamy Polygamy is the marrying of various spouses. It can either be a man marrying more than one wife (polygyny) or the woman having more than one husband, (polyandry). Polygyny is the common of the two and is practiced in some religions like Islam and Mormonism. Having several wives/husbands or sexual partners is different from having concubines. There are two types of polyandry, fraternal and secondary marriage. Fraternal polyandry is where brothers marry the same wife and all have responsibility to the children produced in the relationship. This tradition was practiced to preserve family wealth. In secondary marriage, the rule is one is married for life. So the woman can marry another man while still married to the previous husband. This practice is common in Nigeria and Congo. In the polygynous families, the relationship between the husband and the wives and also the wives with each other and the children depends on how the father figure behaves. When he treats all his wives fairly, th ere is usually minimal conflicts and the wives cohabitate in peace with minimal jealousy for each other. The children are also taught to respect all the wives and view them as their mothers. With appropriate behavior demonstrated by all parties involved, the only conflict issue that might arise among the women would be the difference in the number of children they have or their literacy levels. In the polygynous families, conflict would arise due to jealousy issues. Polyamory. Polyamory is a complicated kind of a relationship where more than two people are in a closed relationship with each other. A relationship of three is a triad and having more is referred to as polycule.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here, the involved parties have a number of sexual and committed partners since they believe love is infinite and it is possible to love as many people and have relationship with them all. Same sex marriage. Lesbians, gays, bisexual, and transgender people in the society are finally finding their voices in the society and being recognized. The constitutional amendment in the Supreme Court in 2015 allowed for their marriages. Many individuals who identify with the LGBTQ group in most societies still face a lot of discrimination, nonetheless. It is a practice that is yet to be recognized in most societies. Canada, Mexico, France, and Ireland are among the countries that have approved of gay marriages in their nation. A lot of awareness is being raised about the LGBTQ society. In several schools in countries that approve of it, clubs are formed to help the students identify with this practice if they are sexually oriented in this direction. Ghost marriage. Ghost marriages are practiced in some communities when a wealthy man dies without children. The wife marries his â€Å"ghost† while the brother to the dead man takes his position, hence he can raise off spring for him with the wife. The children born of this marriage are entitled to inheritance of the deceased wealth. Ghost marriages are practiced in China, Nigeria and Sudan.   It is different from a levirate marriage though. Arranged marriage. Arranged marriages are ones where the couples are introduced to each other by two interested parties. For instance, parents might decide they want their families intermarried and hence nudge their children to get married. The marriage can be forced or the individuals are given time to court each other.   The marriages usually serve to benefit the party that introduces the couple to each other more than the couple does.   They, however, tend to last longer and thrive unlike other marriages as the couple learns to grow with each other and from the support they receive. Once a couple is established, they assume different settlement patterns. Some find a shelter independent from their parents and the other family members. Some assume patrilocal settlement whereby they settle with the groom’s family. In matrilocal settlement, they move in with the wife’s family, though this is not a common practice. Child marriage. This is a type of marriage where both spouses are under 18 or one of the spouse. It was a common practice until it got condemned by international human rights organizations. In some communities, the consent for marriage was when the girl was 7 years of age. Child marriages were as a result of poverty and social pressures mostly. In some parts of the world like South Asia, child marriage is still widely practiced. Cohabitation. Some countries recognize cohabitation as a marriage institution that is lieu of taxation like in Australia. Cultural references of marriages. The different kinship ties in the society determine how people interact with each other. There are basic fundamental relations accorded in marriage that cannot be ignored. For instance is the responsibility of the marrying families to each other. This is in terms of dowry and bride wealth. Dowry is paid by the bride’s family to the grooms. In some communities like among the Indians, it is the ladies who take the dowry. It can be inform of money or house hold goods or land. It is considered a contribution of the lady to her inheritance. Bride wealth on the other hand is an equivalent of the dowry but now from the groom’s side as a contribution to the bride’s family to act as a compensation for losing their daughter to him. Other kinship relations are addressed in terms of endogamy, exogamy, isogamy or hypergamy/hypogamy. Endogamy is practice of marriage only from specific groups or cultures. It can be in terms of ethnicity, social class, or religion. Based on this, any other person does not make a suitable marriage partner. Exogamy involves marrying from outside a given cultural group, and is done to avoid close kin marriages (Fox, 1983, 273). Divorce. When a marriage does not work out as a couple would want it to, they seek a legal dissolution of their marriage that declares them both single. While it is legal and allowed in most countries, it is considered a taboo in some. In Philippines, a couple cannot divorce under the law of the land. It doesn’t matter where the couple is, but under no circumstance can they divorce. Their marriage can only be declared null if there was some sort of mistake in their marriage. In Christianity, divorce is also shunned. Under the Roman Catholic law, a couple cannot divorce. The effects of divorce are tremendous, not just to the couple but to the children too. There are various causes of people to divorce, right from infidelity or thee couple realizing they are no longer in love with each other. Other reasons can be financial problems or health related. Whatever the reason, the results of the divorce can cause one depression. Not just the affected spouse, but the children too. The rates for divorce have tripled over the century. Kinship. Kinship is a cultural link between people formed either by blood, marriage or adoption. It forms the basis of social interactions among people. In anthropology, however, there have been various debates on the exact meaning of kinship. Robin Fox considers study of kinship as thee study of what people do with mating, parenthood and socialization with each other. Thus is the study of descent, lineage, and fictive kinship. Kinship ties formed by descent links can be unilineal, whereby the person identifies with descent from the mother or father’s side. From father’s side, they are patrilineal and from mother’s side it is matrilineal. Most societies identify with the patrilineal descent, as they are usually chauvinistic, giving dominance to the males. In the societies that identify with the matrilineal side, it is the women who hold power in the society and this is practiced in very few communities. A bilineal descent is one that gives credit to both parent’s d escents. It is also referred to as a bilateral descent. The kinship ties that are formed by marriage are referred to as affinity. They form basis of how individuals are divided and organized into social groups like family. The family. The family is a social unit in which a couple comes together to raise their children together. Anthropologists and feminists debate whether a family can be complete without a father Families are made up of members by birth or marriage. . A conjugal family has both father and mother whereas a non-conjugal does not. A matrifocal one is made up of just the mother and her children. An extended family includes other members of the family like aunts and uncles. The main purpose of a family is to produce children to carry on with the family name (Welsch, 327). One is able to keep a track of his kinship roots by taking into account genealogical records. Genealogy records are passed down the history lane by various means. They can be by historical records, oral, or modern genealogy. It not only serves to prevent same blood marriage but also is a source of pride, especially for those with royalty in their blood line. It is true that marriage is not only about the couple becoming parents. It is a basic rite of passage in life. Most societies have age limits beyond which the person begins getting the pressure to marry from the society. It is a fundamental part of a person’s life, not just to him, but to the society as whole.   That would explain why pressure is placed upon an individual to marry once they are of certain age. After kinship and marriage, anthropologists are now focusing on romantic love. In their previous studies of marriage and kinship, they shunned romantic love with the western society only. Now the in many countries, they have noticed the bloom of romance. Romantic love is forming the new basis for marriages now in today’s society. Nonetheless, marriage is still accorded respect in the society and viewed as an important rite of human passage. It can be terminated by death of a partner, divorce, or annulment. Most marriages nowadays end up in divorce and so do many kinship ties as they are not payed much attention to anymore.

Can Fiction be Philosophy Essay - 3907 Words

This paper examines the relation between philosophy and literature through an analysis of claims made by Martha Nussbaum regarding the contribution novels can make to moral philosophy. Perhaps her most controversial assertion is that some novels are themselves works of moral philosophy. I contrast Nussbaum’s view with that of Iris Murdoch. I discuss three claims which are fundamental to Nussbaum’s position: the relation between writing style and content; philosophy’s inadequacy in preparing agents for moral life because of its reliance on rules; and the usefulness of the moral work engaged in by readers of novels. The evaluation of these claims requires a discussion of the nature of philosophy. I find that Murdoch and Nussbaum agree on the†¦show more content†¦(2) My purpose here is to examine this assertion. In the process I will compare Nussbaums view with that of Iris Murdoch. I have selected for discussion three central claims from Loves Knowledge, Nussbaums essays on philosophy and literature. The first claim pertains to the relation of writing style to content. (3) On this topic Nussbaum suggests that writing style is not neutral; the form of writing influences the content conveyed; certain aspects of life cannot be conveyed adequately in argumentative writing; and literary artists can state...truths about human life which escape philosophical prose. (4) The second claim concerns Nussbaums view that philosophys concentration on rules has obscured the need for perception of particular (possibly unique) features of concrete situations. Nussbaum finds that moral philosophers usual reliance on rules, when addressing questions concerning proper conduct, underrates the significance of the concrete details of moral life. Therefore, philosophy does a poor job of preparing persons for moral life. (5) The third claim is that literature has the potential to engage the reader in a form of moral work which is not summoned by philosophical texts. Nussbaum points out that certain novels engage the reader in the work of thinkingShow MoreRelatedArrow Of God By Chinua Achebe998 Words   |  4 Pagessoldier employed by MNU (IMDb). In both stories, Arrow of God and District 9, there are very blunt patterns of fiction, distinct archetypes, and prominent philosophies used. The stories above are two different types of media, with similar content. Both book and movie shows a tribe being pushed out of their home, in almost the same way. In both stories we see patterns of fiction, which is when a reader is introduced to a character and some event or a challenge occurs. In Arrow of God, EzeuluRead MoreWhat Links Disciplines Of Literature, Philosophy And Mathematics1635 Words   |  7 PagesWhat links the disciplines of literature, philosophy and mathematics? The answer is, quite simply, fiction. 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As a philosopher, Socrates came up with many ideas that up to date are considered important in our humanRead MoreFlannery O’Connor Essay1158 Words   |  5 Pagesthat also killed her father, so she was constantly aware of her own impending death. It is because of this that so many of her fiction short stories have to do with death and the grace that can be found in the face of it. Flannery O’Connor is a remarkable twentieth century American writer, who was influenced by her religion and her heritage, wrote awe-inspiring fiction with unique characters, and made considerable and relevant contributions to American literature. 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Through her essay, â€Å"Some Aspects of the Grotesque in Southern Fiction†, she defends the individuality and moralRead MoreTypes Of Non Fictional Writing920 Words   |  4 Pagescategory of genre is non-fiction. Non-fiction is type of writing that employs the literary techniques usually associated with fiction or poetry to report on persons, places, and events in the real world. Non-fiction is used in so many ways. It is based on cold hard facts, truth. Non-fictional writers have used this style to create amazing stories of wars, countries once great and powerful, and people who inspired the world. Alexander the Great to JFK, everyone has a story. Non-fiction is used in movies

Commercial Law for Corporation Act - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCommercial Law for Corporation Act. Answer: As per section 198 A of the corporation Act 2001, directors of the company has number of powers and this section define those powers. Clause 2 of this section states that director has power to exercise all their powers related to company, but there is an exception which clarifies directors cannot exercise those powers which need to be exercised in general meeting of the company as per Act or companys constitution. This can be understand with example which states that company directors have power to issue shares and debentures, and borrow money for the company[1]. Section 124 of the Act defines the companys legal capacity and power, and this section stated legal capacity of the company exists both inside and outside of jurisdiction, and power of company also includes power of body corporate, and under this power company can issue shares and cancel those shares[2]. Section 254A states power of company to issue bonus shares, this section stated that company has power to issue shares under section 124 and this power also includes the power to issue bonus shares. However, bonus shares are defined as those shares in which consideration is not paid by shareholders for getting the shares to the issuing company, and company does not increase its share capital while issuing bonus shares[3]. In this case, Waldmart Ltd directors pass resolution in the board meeting to issue bonus shares to those people who are considered as existing shareholders of the company, and power to issue bonus shares is provided to the directors by the constitution of the company. Section 198 of the Act states that director has power to exercise all their powers related to company, and Section 254 A of the Act states that company has power to issue shares under section 124 and this power also includes the power to issue bonus shares, and directors are allowed to issue bonus shares from the Constitution of the company. All these facts state that directors of Waldmart Ltd can issue bonus shares because this power is imposed by various sections of the act as well as constitution of the company. As per section 180 of the Act directors are bound by various duties and this section define these duties, and clause 1 of this section defines the most important duty of director, as director are obliged to exercise their power related to company with due care and diligence that would be exercised by any reasonable person in similar situation it that person is act as the director or officer of the company, occupied the office of the director or such person has same responsibilities as the director. Whereas, clause 2 of this section defines the judgment rule of business, and according to this clause it is the obligation of director that they meet the requirements stated under subsection 1 for the purpose of making the business judgment. However, it is the duty of directors that they make the judgments related to business in good faith, and ensure that their judgment must be in the best interest of the organization[4][5]. Therefore, shareholders cannot deny or overrule the decision made by directors in direct way, but different ways are provided by law, through which they can overrule the decisions of directors such as, those shareholders who holds at least 5% stake in the company compel the directors of the company to call general meeting. In such general meeting shareholders of the company can determine the resolution passed by directors for the purpose of overrule the decision made by directors. Some legal rights are also available to the shareholders if directors of the company do not act in the companys interest[6]. In this situation, Better Super Ltd and the other shareholder of the company can force or compel the directors of the company to call general meeting for reconsidering their decisions. Provisions related to dividend payment in company is defined by section 254U of the Corporation Act 2001, and as per this section payment of dividend can be determined by directors of the company, and they also have power to fix the rate or amount on which dividend is payable, time for dividend payment, and also the method of payment. Method for paying the dividend includes various methods such as cash payment, issue of shares, granting options to existing shareholders, and the transfer of interest. This section further states that any kind of interest on dividend is not payable[7]. According to section 254T of the Act define the situations in which directors can pay dividend to shareholders, and subsection 1 of this section states that company can only pay dividend when liabilities of the company are less than the assets of the company just before the declaration of dividend, and it is necessary that such excess amount must be sufficient for making the payments to shareholders. It must be noted that directors are not allowed to pay dividend unless they show that payment made by them is fair and reasonable for both shareholders as well as for company, and such payment does not affect the materially affect the ability of the company to make payment to its creditors. For example, in case company become insolvent after paying dividend to its existing shareholders, then this payment materially affect the capacity of company to make payment to its creditors. However, Section 588G also states that it is duty of director to prevent insolvent trading in context of declaration and payment of dividend. Subsection 2 of this section stated that for the purpose of this section all assets and liabilities of the company are calculated as per the applicable accounting standards. However, assets and liabilities are still calculated as per accounting standards even though those standards are not applicable to some or all the related companies[8]. As stated above, Section 588G of the Act that it is duty of director to prevent insolvent trading in context of declaration and payment of dividend, and this section further stated that applicability of this section is possible only in case when person holds the position of director in the company at that time when debt is incurred, and when company become insolvent due to that debt. However, at that time reasonable grounds must be there to believe that company is insolvent or it would become insolvent. Clause A of subsection 1 of this section for the purpose of incurring debt, company must pay dividend or companys constitution states the payment of dividend[9]. In the present case, Waldmart Ltd directors make proposal in the meeting to declare dividend and they also make proposal to increase the rate of dividend up to 25%. Directors increased the rate of dividend because existing shareholders of the company rejects the remuneration report of directors in last general meeting, and that time first strike is received by the company. According to the opinion of directors of the company, they are confident that their dividend proposal would please the shareholders of the company so that they did not make any issue related to first strike. However, letter was issued by directors to the shareholders of the company, and letter contains the justification related to remuneration report on the part of directors which contains reasons related to excess remuneration and importance of approving the reports. Jim Smith holds the position of manager in Better Super Ltd has 4% stake in the equity of waldmart Ltd. As per the opinion of Jim and other shareholders, decision of directors for issuing bonus shares is not the right decision, and they also think that increasing rate of dividend is also not right during this unstable financial position of the company. In this case, directors do not act in the best interest of the company by declaring the dividend, and this is considered as breach of duty. Therefore, shareholders of the company can apply for order from Court under section 232 of the Corporation Act 2001, and this remedy is availbale to shareholders under section 234[10] of the Corporation Act 2001[11]. According to section 232 of the Act, Court can make order under section 233 if any affairs of the company, any act or omission on companys behalf, and any resolution or proposed resolution passed by directors of the company contravene the member interest in the company[12]. In the corporation Act 2001, new amendment was introduced on 1st July 2011, and this amendment named as two strikes. However, the main aim of this amendment is to increase the accountability of directors related to their remunerations. As per this amendment directors of the company clearly face the re-election on remuneration reports if shareholders of the company are not agreed with the amount paid to directors of the company[13]. According to this amendment first strike occurred when remuneration report of the company received no vote of 25% at AGM of the company from the existing shareholders. However, remuneration report of the company contains the salary and bonus details related to each director of the company. Obligation is also imposed on directors in this amendment to provide explanation to the shareholders concern stated in previous remuneration report, and these explanations are provided by directors in subsequent remuneration report under section 249L (2), the Remuneration Amendment Act. In this amendment, second strike occurred when subsequent remuneration report of the company received no vote of 25% at AGM of the company from the existing shareholders. If second strike is received by the company then all shareholders of the company voted on the matter of re-election. It must be noted that this matter of re-election is determined in the same annual general meeting in which second strike occurred. After this spill meeting take place within 90 days of AGM, if spill resolution receives 50% or more votes. This can be understand in other words also, which means that in case spill resolution received equal to or more than 50% votes, then company must held extra ordinary general meeting of the shareholders of the company within 90 days of passing the spill resolution. This meeting is also named as spill meeting, and in this meeting shareholders of the company has power to remove all the directors except CEO, and if shareholders exercise this power then deeming provision is applicable there which ensures that at least three directors must be there. In case spill meeting is not hold by the company in 90 days of passing the spill resolution then each person who holds the director position in the company is liable for the offence committed under strict liability stated under Section 250W, the Remuneration Amendment Act. This new amendment aims binding vote on remuneration report and policy of the company, and this amendment gives power to shareholders to spill the directors of the company under second strike. The main purpose of spill meeting is to decide whether board of the company is retained or not[14]. This new amendment is more useful as compared to old provision, and the difference between the two strike rule and the previous law CLERP 9 is because in this new amendment provision is stated that directors replied to the shareholders concern even after the first strike in case of listed Australian companies. Therefore, this rule is described as wreaking havoc by the Mr. John Colvin, CEO of the Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD)[15]. Bibliography Statute Corporation Act 2001. corporations amendment (improving accountability on director and executive remuneration) bill 2011. Article Lin Elicia, Shareholder oppression explained, https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/4614/shareholder-oppression-explained.aspx. Georgia Wilkins, What is the 'two-strikes' rule, (2012) https://www.smh.com.au/business/agm-season/what-is-the-twostrikes-rule-20121008-278us.html. Website Legal service commission, General Duties of Directors - Corporations Act 2001 (Ctth), https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch05s01s03s02.php. Law Donut, Shareholder and boardroom disputes FAQs, https://www.lawdonut.co.uk/business/business-ownership-and-management/shareholder-and-boardroom-disputes/shareholder-and-boardroom-disputes-faqs#SBD10. Reza Monema Chew Ng, Australias two-strikes rule and the pay-performance link: Are shareholders judicious, https://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/54958/90206_1.pdf?sequence=1.

Bignay cure for UTI Essays

Bignay cure for UTI Essays Bignay cure for UTI Essay Bignay cure for UTI Essay Chapter 1 Problem and Its Background Introduction Among household pests, cockroaches are the most numerous and harmful. No household, whether in a city or in the farthest barrio, Is spared the creeping presence of these germ-ridden and foul-smelling brown monsters. Cockroaches carry on their slimy bodies bagful of germs and bacteria that could make any member of the family suffer various diseases. Ridding itself of cockroaches or at least reducing them to a minimum should be the goal of every household if it wants to spare itself from the high cost of medical care. At present, commercial insecticides used to kill cockroaches are very costly which households can hardly afford. Finding a less costly way of eliminating cockroaches would go a long way in helping households financially. If malunggay leaves which are abundant in most places in the Philippines could be developed into an effective insecticide against cockroaches, Filipino households would benefit a great deal both in terms of better health for its family members and more savings. Background of the Study In our communities today, many people are trying very hard finding different ways f killing disease-bearing insects such as cockroaches in their houses. In our neighborhood, there are lots of cockroaches, some creeping on the ground and others flying over peoples heads. To help our neighborhood solve this problem, this project intends to find out if malunggay leaves could be used as insecticide to kill cockroaches. Statement of the Problem/ObJectives This study aims at making malunggay leaves extract a cockroach killer. It has specific questions to be answered: a) Can malunggay leaves extract be used as a cockroach killer? ) Can people use malunggay leaves extract as a cockroach killer as effectively as commercial insecticides? General Objective: 1 . To investigate whether malunggay leaves extract can be used as a cockroach killer. Specific Objectives: 1. To be able to use malunggay as cockroach killer. 2. To be able to know how malunggay can be use as a cockroach killer. Significance of the study At present people find it hard earning money. People are also greatly frustrated of disease-bearing cockroaches infesting their homes. This project is therefore significant because it may spare people from the need to buy highly expensive ommercial cockroach killer. All they need to do to rid themselves of cockroaches is gather malunggay leaves and use their extract to spray them. Scope and Limitation This project limits itself to determining whether malunggay leaves extract maybe developed as an insecticide against cockroaches. It does not intend to investigate whether malunggay leaves extract maybe used against other insects or pests. Malunggay- Moringa is the English name. It is called Malunggay in the Philippines and Salina in Indian Subcontinent and South East Asia. It grows very wildly in hot tropical climate. Moringa is a wonderful herb known all over the world but only recently in the U. S. It may provide the boost in energy, nutrition and health youive been seeking. This book reveals Moringa is nutritional content, medicinal properties, where to get it, the best results. Moringa is a remarkable discovery, which can make a tremendous difference in your health and quality of life. Mounting scientific evidence shows what has been known for thousands of years by people in the tropical parts of the world: Moringa is natures medicine cabinet. It is also known as an excellent source of nutrition and a natural energy booster. Loaded with nutrients, vitamins and amino acids, it replenishes your body and provides what you need to get through a hectic weekday or active weekend. Moringa has a well-documented detoxifying effect. Laboratories around the world have studied Moringas ability to purify water, attaching itself to harmful material and bacteria, and allowing them to be expelled as waste. Cockroach- (or simply roaches) are insects of the order Blattodea. This name derives from the Latin word for cockroach, blatta. Among the most well-known species are the American cockroach, Periplaneta mericana, which is about 30 mm (1 inch) long, the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, about 15 mm (1/2 inch) long, the Asian cockroach, Blattella asahinai, also about 15 mm (1/2 inch) in length, and the Oriental cockroach, Blatta orientals, about 25 mm (3/4 inch). Tropical cockroaches are often much bigger, and extinct cockroach relatives such as the Carboniferous Archimylacris and the Permian Apthoroblattina were several times as large as these. Cockroaches are generally considered pests; however, only about 30 species (less than 1%) infest urban habitats.

Argentina (Pollution) Essay Example

Argentina (Pollution) Essay Example Argentina (Pollution) Paper Argentina (Pollution) Paper Argentina: Like other countries Argentina suffers from environmental degradation. The main threats to its biodiversity and landscapes are deforestation and pollution. In Argentina, there are many environmental issues that include air pollution, inaccessibility, dissatisfaction with garbage disposal, dirtiness, water pollution etc. One of the biggest factors of pollution in Argentina would be air pollution, which to a certain extend is caused by the society. Despite knowing that transport vehicles such as private vehicles, taxis, and buses can cause urban IR pollution, we still need it by which the society is somewhat responsible. In Argentina aging diesel buses may be the primary culprits in deteriorating urban air quality. Another factor is factories with their subsidized smokestacks. Air pollution in Buenos Aries comes from residential, commercial and small industrial combustions and emissions from the domestic airport. The next issue is Deforestation in Argentina, which is due to agricultural expansion of soybean. Corrode has the highest level of deforestation in Argentina. All that remains is five percent of the 12 million hectares of native ores that the province had at the start of the 20th century. And fires that broke out in August and September devoured 40,000 more hectares of forests and grasslands in the hills. The Cardboard Environment Agency which is the government body in charge of environmental matters in the province, drew up a controversial bill that was voted into law this month. The new law bans clear-cutting over the next 10 years, but allows sustainable logging in native forests. One of the biggest pollution problems in Argentina is Polluted Rivers. The heavy polluted Montana-Reaching river basin. This river meanders for 40 miles through Buenos Aries. The people there can be partly blamed for the cause of this pollution, as the polluted rivers have been polluted for years by industrial waste, sewage, and everyday garbage. This has had a negative impact on the seven million people who are living near or along the river. As they get dirty water, dirty air and many more health problems. Polluted rivers have always been a problem in Argentina, and for nearly 200 years, the government is struggling to find a resolution to keep rivers clean. According o a report from the executive committee for the environmental management plan, that an average of 82,000 cubic meters of industrial waste enters the river daily. Zinc, lead, copper, magnesium and many more have a constant presence in the water. Its known that the area called Villa Inflammable, 50% of the children have lead in their blood, and some had chrome, and benzene in their urine. Benzene can impact the immune system, which can cause cancer. This shows how the polluted rivers have effected the environment in a negative way, that its becoming dangerous for people. How is Argentina helping? Due to the pollution in the rivers, residents have complained. In response to the lawsuit by residents affected by the pollution, the Argentine high court summoned 44 companies to report on the waste they dump into the Reachable River. The government has present a management plan called for a public hearing for all parties. Also the national supreme court said that companies must report in 30 days about the liquid waste they dump in the water, its treatment and if they insurance required by the environmental law o that they can respond if harm is caused. Soy is a key crop and major source Of income for Argentina, but to ensure its not at the expense of vulnerable natural areas such as the Atlantic Forest excretion, WFM is working along with businesses, government agencies, and Nags to develop alternatives. International standards to regulate air pollutants and make fuels cleaner are already practice in Argentina, but also around the world. Cleaner modes of transportation and energy generation using sustainable, renewable resources are growing in the region already.

Importance of Intellectual Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Importance of Intellectual Capital - Essay Example Intellectual capital produces wealth through information technology and also encourages business leaders to become critical analysts of economic trends specially those factors associated to finance, performance management, production, distribution, marketing and other related exchanges in trade flows, investment, and human resource management. It also hastens wise decision-makings on matters affected by political and market behaviours. These days, business enterprises rely on information capital as technologies have elaborately underscored the role of information, knowledge and experiences for economic activities. It’s in this context too that the world’s economy transitioned itself from simple dependency on science and technology to an economic system that considered the production of knowledge as primary factors for business management. Nowadays, intellectual capital is considered as the most valuable asset in this era of information. Business leaders would opt for hu man resources that have strong cognitive skills and the capacity to undertake market research and finance analysis. Moreover, the operation of a corporation require intensive and accurate reporting of all offices or departments to know results and which will form part in the planning for execution, and auditing – processes that are integral to effective corporate governance. Experts opined that investors and information users would certainly delve into the reasonableness of justification, for instance, in accounting information. The latter is needed for financial and operational decision-making which may cover issues on investments, credit, management stewardship, resource allocation and corporate responsibility. Thus, shareholders would demand documented accounting to determine growth, return of investments, risks, capital gain or profit, for stock options or for rewards. For monitoring purpose and management concern, quality accounting information is necessary to ascertain collation, litigation, or political costs, including concern for competitive leveraging. Such wide information is required in managing business to enforce regulatory measures to protect and control business interests. 2. Why investors and other information users search for intellectual capital information from other sources? Investors search for intellectual capital to ascertain that their investments will be managed well. This relates to business sector’s interest to be certain that the company they collaborate or partner with have the capacity to professionally manage assets, real estates, or securities -- which include bond and debt instruments. With financial stability and profits as goals, investors and information users will also be interested that the intellectual capital of the company can wield demanded performance that warrants better if not excellent corporate standing of a company. As such the company will also be evaluating to assess financial viability, to deter mine business leadership and to secure return of investments. Thus, for company seeking more capital investments, disclosure of financial status offers corporate reputation; inspire third party certification that will show its compliance or adherence to legal requirements. A corporation with business integrity could assert corporate control

Wind Shield Survey Community Assessment of a community in Queens , NY Term Paper - 2

Wind Shield Survey Community Assessment of a community in Queens , NY - Term Paper Example The involvement of consumers of health care is encouraged in the development of community activities that contribute to the promotion of education and maintenance of good health (Rooney, Ryan, Bloniarz & Kane, 2005). In order to achieve these activities, a comprehensive health programs are required that pay a special attention to social and ecological influences and specific population that is at a risk. As a community client, nurses should focus on environmental features such as physical, cultural, psychosocial and political features that ensure good health of the population. As a matter of fact, Rooney et al, (2005) adds that community client is not restricted to provision of health care to a particular age or diagnostic group but the health nurse is practicing their profession to all people without any biases. A healthy community is one that makes wise use of its resources and is prepared to meet the dangers and threats that may arise as a result of factors encountered when dealing with health problems. This has been the mandate and the aim of the community client over a quite a long time to ensure a mutual relationship between the community and the location (Rooney, Ryan, Bloniarz & Kane, 2005). As Glanz et al (2008) put it that in assessing the performance of Wind Shield survey in New York, a close examination of the original survey data on beneficiary is needed. According to our expectations, the general satisfaction with the WindShield survey intervention should be high. However, the evidence was found that the endeavor of the WindShield survey to redress the balance between the rich and the poor communities was fairly satisfactory (Kressel, De Leon, Palij & Rubin, 2008). There was a neglect of the isolated communities possibly due to cost reasons and that the accessibility of the WindShield Survey to beneficiary

The Technological Change Of Frito Lay Information Technology Essay

The Technological Change Of Frito Lay Information Technology Essay The aim of this report is to perform a knowledge audit of Frito Lay, by gathering data, analyzing the findings and making suggestions for the best possibility of knowledge to be utilized in an organization. This report mainly highlights the main external factors that affect the organization, internal knowledge culture which builds an organization structure, technological change and some important points on knowledge workers and leaders. The major finding in this report is that the knowledge management is a key to achieving both scalability and business optimization. Knowledge management is an attractive concept to many organizations. It helps in understanding the needs and gaps in knowledge by simple analysis and helps in coping up with the globalization. Moreover, the knowledge leaders and workers will help to put the theories and ideas from papers to real world. FRITO LAY Intoduction Scope This report mainly focuses on knowledge audit about the external influences on the organization and how knowledge culture enhances the organization structure. Moreover, this report mainly highlights about the technology and how it will revolutionize the companys culture. Background Frito Lay sales force is facing an issue with finding and integration of organization data and customer sales account information. Mike Marino, vice president of customer development, stated that knowledge is trapped in files everywhere. Many sales people would ask the companys marketing and operation staff the same information over and over. And the staff has to perform the same task for endless times. For this reason Mike Marino, integrated a Knowledge portal in corporate intranet. This portal opens gates to all sales staff with same information. This information can be shared and updated at the same time moreover it will be available to any one for any location. This portal was tested with a sales pilot team and passed with flying colors. This report does knowledge audit on the knowledge needs and gap in Frito Lay organization. Identified and provided few knowledge audit tools used to gather present knowledge from an organization. Even tools have been mentioned which could be helpful for the case study. Purpose The purpose of this report is to generate a knowledge report by studying the important external factors that influence the organization, internal knowledge culture in an organization, technology change in an organization and some highlights on knowledge workers and leaders. Current Knowledge position of the Frito Lay In current knowledge position of Frito Lay has no centralized system and its sales team is not able to merge data of the corporate and the customer account information. Purpose of the organization Frito Lay falls under a private sector enterprise. A private sector company mainly looks for profits for their stakeholders while long lasting sustainability in the commercial market. Their main aim is to take advantage of their opportunities and consider profits as the most important result. The main funding is done by the stakeholders, to enhance the development and growth of the company. The key goal for Private Sectors Company is to make a balance among long term sustainability and short term profits. The CEO of the company is mainly responsible for creating a vision to the organization; generally he/she would be a highly experienced person in field and is responsible in the success of the business (Debowski 2006). The purpose of the Frito Lay is to focus on one single mission; to become worlds leading products company for the consumer who focus on convenient foods. They try to offer better opportunities for growth and improvement to their employees, business and the in communities where they work. Moreover, whatever they do, they struggle for honesty and integrity. Frito lays main vision is to improve all their features in which they operate- environment, social and economic. They try to implement this vision by programs and concentrate on environmental stewardship, steps that benefit society and building a good relationship among stakeholders. Moreover, they not only focus on financial success of the company but also in reducing environmental footprint by protecting natural resources and using renewable energy in order to reduce toxic emissions. The knowledge environment in which the organization exists external context When organizations are exposed to external environment, it will go through many changes. There are many factors like technological changes and globalization have brought many opportunities and caused threats in the marketplace (Debowski 2006). Globalization has provided an opportunity for businesses like Frito Lay to gain access all over the world but also brought international organizations to the home market which poses a threat to other companies. Globalization allows customers to check prices, services and reviews of the product from many providers before selecting their suppliers. Even if the supplier is at another end of the world could be located and contacted through telecommunications to meet customer requirements (Debowski 2006). Like discussed before, Globalization provides both opportunity and threat. The threat could be an increase number of competitions means customer are exposed to a wide range of products and services. Then we can assume that customer wont stick to one supplier as there are many, so customer loyalty cannot be trusted. Since costumer is exposed to many varieties of products, it will in turn increase the stress on organizations like Frito Lay to be more creative plus more responsive to the costs set by the competitors (Debowski 2006). The other external factor that affects organization is the pressure from the stakeholder. Since the investment become global, there will be continuous demands from stakeholders to improve market shares, cost reductions and increase in profits. Even technological change is a main factor that effects on business and also helps developing quickly. In case of Frito lay, the Globalization is forcing business to update their technology in order to compete in the market (Wimmer 2004). Technology has become a foundation to many organizations and work tasks, and allows effective communication and management (Debowski 2006). The organizational structure including the internal knowledge culture According to the Oliver Kandadi (2006 p.6) knowledge culture is A way of organizational life that enables and motivates people to create, share and utilize knowledge for the benefit and enduring success of the organization. This culture was seen in Frito Lay organization which was implemented by Mike Marino, vice president of customer development. The company bought a tool called Autonomy from navigator systems, a search engine that allows users to search information and explore new ideas through intranet sites. By the help of navigator system, new innovative ideas and solutions were developed through combined efforts. Once the system was centralized, knowledge sharing became top activity between staff members with the help of supervisor and leaders. After the implementation, employees are kept up to date about the issues, events and innovations. This internal culture has encouraged a regular communications all over the organization which helped openness, honesty and concerned for o thers is promoted. Knowledge culture allows employees to work together by sharing and learning from their peers and supervisors (Oliver Kandadi 2006). Organizational structure is an influencing element in creation and development of knowledge culture. It defines the way power and responsibility is performed in an organization and also distributes knowledge in a way that it will be easily adopted by the firm. Organizational structure allows employees to be grouped according to their functions or division or both. In Frito Lay, the company grouped sales team as a pilot team for the portal, which helped the firm to understand the new system (Debowski 2006). Knowledge workers According to Debowski (2006, p.31) knowledge workers use their heads more than their hands to produce value. Knowledge workers mainly work with their own knowledge to resolve issues or problematic situations. They try to learn new information to reshape their existing knowledge, by doing so they can apply these skills in a variety of areas to resolve issues, generate ideas, or develop new services and products (Prince, 2010). Their job mainly deals on the mental rather than muscle power and is characterized by non respective tasks. They use different methods to solve issues and they also have authority to decide which technique to use in order to achieve the success (Prince 2010). In the case study, Frito Lays vice president of customer development, Mike Marino and Price had many types of organizational knowledge (Debowski 2006). Knowledge that may possess many features, characteristics and value of different sources or systems that may be found in the Frito Lay organization. Knowledge that can identify people, groups and organization and techniques to link them. Understand how to carry out difficult task which require analytical skills such as researching, testing and innovating. An ability to observe, estimate and access correct knowledge sources. The sales pilot team was dispersed all over the country to collect information from the customers and analyze it with correct resources and then fed back it to the sales people in the organization. This flow of knowledge from knowledge workers to the organization will empower them with superior customer knowledge and competitive intelligence. Knowledge leaders Knowledge leaders are the pillars to the organization and support of knowledge management in a firm. These people provide the encouragement, set goals and vision to transform the knowledge concept in to a reality. By the circumstances of the organization, the knowledge leaders roles and responsibilities are designed. Knowledge leaders help to build an effective knowledge community. Their roles require them to understand the complex framework of the knowledge operations and ways communication and teamwork is built and strengthened (Debowski 2006). The generic attributes of knowledge leader were they contribute some important attributes which depend on understanding of process, systems and people The main concepts identified within the case study are disciplines of knowledge leadership, like willingness to share knowledge because it is seen as a power and also collaboration of their work with other organizations. Mike Marino acted as a Change Agent as he identified that knowledge was dispersed in various systems across their organization which created complexity for employees to retrieve data freely and there was inconsistency in data too. They solved this problem by sharing the knowledge all over the organization by developing a centralized system (KM portal) for all of their business processes (Debowski 2006). Another model that is clear in case study is generic attributes of the knowledge leader, for instance selecting an appropriate sales pilot team and sending them with knowledge management portal support across 10 different cites to by measuring up their performance with the normal teams which displays the qualities of strategic visionary and knowledge executor attribute of the knowledge leader (Debowski 2006). Technology Technology is a main factor that brings out a huge positive difference in an organization and also helps developing it growth rapidly. In case of Frito lay, due to no integration between business process for finding and merging data of cooperate and customer account information. After the implementation of Knowledge management system (KMS) it become a basic foundation to the organizations and work tasks by providing an effective communication and management (Debowski 2006). KMS provides a unified and functional platform in an organization on which many other knowledge activities flow and interconnect. It offers knowledge capture and sharing freely, readily and openly to all the stakeholders across the organization. Moreover, it also offers a channel to an individual user to acquire a document, send, share and create knowledge to meet the priorities of the organization. Basically there are four components in KMS; Business process management, Content management, Web content management and Knowledge application management. In case of Frito Lay, they have built knowledge management portal on the corporate intranet. It acts a centre point of access to various sources of information and offers individual access too. This type of system falls under content and business process management (Debowski 2006). The content management system is an intellectual content in KMS. It allows users to retrieve knowledge on particular theme and topic from the KM portal. It allows a wide range of strategies of indexing, storing and organizing the knowledge that are linked in KMS. Business process management defines the processes that are needed for an organization. Like in Frito Lay, these systems are linked to a knowledge management practices so that employees of the company have the access of accurate and up to date data to build up their knowledge (Debowski 2006). Knowledge resources and knowledge-sharing practices One of the core practices in knowledge management is knowledge repositories and knowledge sharing (Debowski 2006). Typically, knowledge repository outlook is like another web-based index. It provides many options to the users to explore with the main menu that offers wide range of access to the recognized knowledge resources from internal and external to the organization. Repositories act as a connection between the user and the core knowledge, working as a single point of entry to support users finding required information across the organization and also other organizations (Annunziata Levant 2002). Through repositories knowledge is shared among users, sharing knowledge has become institutionalized and ends up becoming a part of the routine daily life (Barnes 2002). The repository system used by the Frito Lay sales force was Autonomy. This system was acquired from a consultancy, Navigator systems from Dallas. This tool enables users to search all the way through various repositories like internet sites, spreadsheets and power point presentation (Huysman Writ 2002). It supports many salespeople to get all significant information from a variety of sources which allow them to achieve all the different data sets through one picture. Furthermore other features that we can see in this tool are; it links the organization data with internal sources and outside too, it is a search service that helps people to find data that is required and it also help to record solutions and best practices of other so that it can be shared with others (Barnes 2002). Knowledge needs The main goal of knowledge needs is to identify accurately about the knowledge the organization, its team and its people need at the moment and the knowledge they might need in the feature to achieve their goals and objective. The future strategy of an organization is enhanced due to knowledge needs analysis. This analysis can also find out the staff skills and capability of improvement needs and opportunities for training and developing, team spirit and relationship with staff, subordinated and peers (Ovio Komi-Sirvià ¶ 2002). Knowledge gaps A gap between the ideal world and the existing knowledge world is known as knowledge gap. Gaps may obstruct innovations, opportunities for organization improvement or impede technology implementation Often, the first task is to review the about the existing knowledge in the organization and then analyze who has it, where it is and which jobs the knowledge is used in. Moreover, when knowledge gaps are visible then it gives a confidence in decision making. It is important to identify knowledge gaps of two forms of knowledge, explicit and tacit knowledge (Debowski 2006). According to Lin, Yeh Tseng (2005 p.3) knowledge gaps can be viewed in four different aspects: strategic aspect, planning aspect, perception aspect and implementation aspect. Strategic aspect: This type of knowledge is necessary for the improvement of the organization competitiveness. Implementation aspect: Implementation of knowledge management. Plan aspect: The plan of knowledge management Perception aspect: To improve the organizations competitiveness as perceived by the top managers and employees. Questions What categories of knowledge do you use in your organization? How do you use each of that knowledge? From how many sources can you acquire the knowledge? Apart from yourself, who else use this knowledge? Is a specific knowledge is restricted to specific users? Justification For the first question, it was important to know how knowledge was divided into the firm and how many categories are present for the employees and teams in an organization. For the second question, how organization utilized that knowledge, for instance whether there are any restrictions or no restrictions. For the third question, how does the organization acquire knowledge, like internal and externally. For the fourth question, apart for the organization and its people, is that knowledge is utilized by other organization? Or it is used by the suppliers or other external factors. For the final question, are there any security constraints in the company, if there are then why those constraints. Knowledge audit Tools According to Ramalingam (2006 p.13) knowledge Audit offers a framework for gathering data, synthesising findings and making suggestions about the best way forward for knowledge and learning initiatives against a background of the broader structural and policy factors affecting an organization. In Frito Lay, the sales team has been given access to portal with different content as well as research abstracts, which was called as a performance scorecard (Chowdhury 2006). It is to evaluate the performance of the account. This tool comes under the balanced scorecard approach for measuring the performance on the four key aspects; financial investment, internal process, customer/stakeholders expectation and focus on learning and growth. This tool will help in measuring the performance of the employees and help in providing results on how effective the company is operating. The tools of knowledge audit are Knowledge Gap analysis: This tool shows the gaps that hold back technology implementations and hamper opportunities and block innovations. SWOT analysis: It is a strategic planning technique that is applied to calculate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats included in a project or an organization. Knowledge Taxonomy: it regulates a construction of knowledge map by describing an organizational knowledge and relationship. Exit Interviews: When an employee is leaving a company forever, then he/she will be taking knowledge along with them. So this tool will help to document that knowledge so that it can be utilised by other employees. Questionnaire: A research in conducted with a series of questions for the purpose of gathering data from large number of respondents. Recommendations Knowledge portal has made a huge difference to Frito Lays sales team. The portal acted as a central point for the whole organization by providing multiple resources as it provides an essential way to capture information. The implementation of portal has brought a lot of profits and made their work easy. However, this is the beginning stage of the progression and still a lot to come. Since the portal is implemented in only to team it is recommended to add its functional to other employees across the 3 divisions. Moreover, it would be better if this is added to their customers like supermarkets as it would help them to synching their knowledge with the organization for co promoting and co merchandising of products together. In future, the organization might implement other knowledge management systems like Web Content Management and Knowledge Application Management. Web content mainly deals with building an effective website structure through which users may access to the KMS Frito Lay can have advantage with this system as it will provide a direct communication with the client side. It will provide an easy user interface and it would even benefit the consumers too. Knowledge application management system would provide users with applications like word processing and emails. These applications will help the staff creating knowledge. Conclusion In conclusion, knowledge management is the key to every organization for opening a door full of opportunities and possibilities. KM portal has become a PepsiCo project as it has helped in improving employee retention rates and the efficiency of the companys operation too. Frito Lays sales team is able to capture the specific information of the corporate and customer sales account information from any location. It has reduced inconsistency and duplication of data which reduced the performing of same tasks over and over. Knowledge management is an attractive concept to many industries. It helps understanding the needs and gaps in knowledge by simple analysis and helps in coping up with the globalization. Moreover, the knowledge leaders and workers will help to put the theories and ideas from papers to real world.

The Yellow Wallpaper -- essays research papers

Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in Hartford, Connecticut on July 3, 1860. From the day of her birth, she was a woman ahead of her time. In 1890, she wrote The Yellow Wallpaper a story about a woman who was oppressed by her husband and her illness. This, Gilman’s most famous work, was written from her own experience in life. In 1884, Charlotte Perkins married Charles Walter Stetson and had one daughter. Following the birth of her daughter, she was greatly depressed and took a therapeutic 3 month trip to California. Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell was consulted in 1884 by Mr. Stetson to treat his wife for what was then called hysteria. Dr. Mitchell’s treatment involved complete isolation and the removal of anything that might cause "mental stimulation," and so Charlotte spend her 3 months isolated in a room in a large country estate, estranged from her daughter and husband. Following her divorce from her husband in 1894, Charlotte Perkins Stetson became a committed social activist and feminist. Later, in 1900, she married her first cousin, George Houghton Gilman. It is believed that this was a marriage of convenience, allowing Charlotte to concentrate on her writings by not being in a marriage that involved love and duty, but mutual respect. Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote primarily of the suppression of women. She experienced as a child many restrictions imposed by her mother, estrangement from her father because of her parents divorce at a young age, and the disappointm...

Feasibility Study of Ibs in Sarawak

Feasibility Study of IBS in Sarawak Afdal Haziq bin Mohamad Salehe Department of Civil, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak Abstract This is a feasibility study of Industrialised Building System (IBS) in Sarawak. IBS implementation in Sarawak is still slow and thus this study is carried on to identify the factors that cause the problem so that proper solution can be carried on.The aim of the study is to increase the IBS implementation in Sarawak so that productivity and quality of the construction projects in this state can be improved. In order to achieve the aim, three objectives need to be met which are: 1) To understand the concept of Industrialised Building System (IBS); 2) To identify the challenges of implementation of IBS in Sarawak; 3) To find the solutions to overcome the barriers thus, ensure that IBS implementation in Sarawak can be improved.Collection of data is done by distribution of questionnaires to important constructio ns players such as engineers, consultants, supervisors and architects from construction sites within Kota Samarahan and Kuching City. The results determined the critical factors of challenges as well as finding the solutions to improve the IBS implementation based on the level of agreements of the respondents. As a result, this study has determined the critical factor of barrier and challenges which slow down the IBS progress in Sarawak is the awareness factor especially amongst the contractors.Besides, the study also found the solutions in term of awareness, knowledge, cost, acceptance and role of the government in order to improve the IBS progress in the construction industry in Sarawak. The finding of this study hopefully will be helpful for further future research as well as reference for the authority in order to improve the IBS implementation in Sarawak. Keywords: Industrialised Building System INTRODUCTION Construction industries play important roles in the development of bui ldings as well as economical of a country.According to the report by CIDB (2000), it is highlighted that construction sector are more than just economic where as the products of construction whether directly or indirectly through provision of bigger infrastructure and buildings has contributed largely towards the production of wealth as well as increasing quality of life of the citizen [1]. With the increasing knowledge and experiences of construction technology, now, many construction can be done faster with reduce cost, but still with optimized quality.One of the construction technologies that have been developing in many countries is precast concrete or as known as Industrial Building System (IBS). IBS is basically pre-cast concrete components where it is later on installed together to become a building or structure. It also may be defined as construction which system components are manufactured in a factory, on or off site, positioned and assembled into structures with minimal a dditional site work. The construction concrete components will be produce off-site and then will be transported to the construction site and assemble [2].In Malaysia, IBS has been introduced in early 1964 by Ministry of Local Government and Housing. The Ministry aims to provide low cost houses for low income citizens group. Since then, housing programmes for low income citizens is being carried on and by 1966, the Ministry has launched two pilot project in two major cities which are Pekeliling Flats in Kuala Lumpur and Rifle Range Road Flats in Penang. However, Pekeliling Flats in Kuala Lumpur has been demolished to be replaced by new development [3].With the latest 9th Malaysia Plan 2006-2010, as government are aware of the benefits that come from the application of IBS, many encouragement of IBS usage have been conduct. Two of the latest major initiatives are the release of the Treasury Circular Letter No. 7 Year 2008 and the announcement of the Action Plan for IBS Implementation in Government Projects (Pelan Tindakan Pelaksanaan IBS dalam Projek-Projek Kerajaan)[4]. It replaces the earlier instruction released on 6th July 2005 by Treasury for the usage of 50 percent IBS content in all government projects.Released on 31st October 2008, the Treasury Circular Letter was issued to all Secretary Generals, Heads of Federal Department, State Secretaries, Heads of Federal Statutory Bodies as well as to all local authorities. The essence of the instruction is the usage of Open Building, Malaysian Control design and 70 percent IBS Score for all projects. Agencies are required to submit periodical reports of IBS project implementation to the central monitoring agency. Exemptions are offered for certain classes of projects and the IBS Centre will function as the main technical reference centre.Sarawak, which is one of the fast developing states in Malaysia, constructions are happening all over the parts of the state. However, applications of IBS in the construction ind ustries in Sarawak are still far left behind. Sarawak just implemented IBS after a few decades after the introduction of IBS in Malaysia in 1964, as several projects using IBS was started in 2006 in Kuching areas [5]. Therefore, this study was performed in order to increase the IBS implementation in Sarawak so that productivity and quality of the constructions projects in this state can be improve.The aim of this research is to improve the IBS implementation in Sarawak so that productivity and quality of the constructions projects in this state can be optimized. In order to achieve this aim, several objectives must be met which are: i. To understand the concept of Industrialised Building System (IBS) ii. To identify the challenges of implementation of IBS in Sarawak. iii. To find the solutions to overcome the barriers to ensure that IBS implementation in Sarawak can be improved. 2. research methodologySecondary data will be needed in literature review part which aims to achieve the first objective which is to increase the understanding of the IBS concept. Primary data will be a strong evidence to achieve the second objectives which is identification of challenges of implementation of IBS in Sarawak. This will also help in achieving the third objective which is finding the solution to overcome the barriers in improving the implementation of IBS in Sarawak. Three approaches have been lineout for this study to gather the relevant data. The approaches are: i. Literature review i. Questionnaires Literature Review Literature review in this study is important in term of gathering the secondary data. This is to increase the resourceful information needed for this study for better understanding. The informations is gathered from wide range of media such as books, guidelines, previous thesis, journals, and new articles related to Industrialise Building System (IBS) and company related to them in Sarawak or Malaysia such as SCIB and CIDB. This also helped in achieving th e first objectives which aim of increasing the understanding of IBS concept.Questionnaires List if question has been prepared for the purpose of collecting primary data. Questionnaire can be an efficient data collection tool when the researcher knows exactly on the information that is needed and how o measure the variables of interest. Thus, all questions should be clear, understandable and obtain no ambiguity. Data validation has been done after the questionnaires had been collected. In the process of data validation, the responses obtained from the questionnaires have been for accuracy and suitability for his research purpose.Respondents for the questionnaire in this research are site workers, site engineers, site supervisors, foremen, management staff and production manager of several sites in Sarawak. The questionnaire has been given by hand to the respondents for determining the barrier and challenges of implementation of IBS in Sarawak. This is to gather information and eviden ce which is not available from literature review. In order to achieve the second objectives, Part B of the questionnaires which is on the challenges and barrier of IBS implementation has been filled by respondent who involved in construction field.In order to achieve the third objective which is to find the solutions in improving IBS implementation in Sarawak, Part C is provided which discussed on the suggestion and solutions criteria which have been filled by the respondent based on their level of agreement. The questionnaires have been given to various experience construction player such as developer contractors, consultant and supplier in Sarawak. This is to obtain their pc involve has been based on their experience in construction industry. Data Analysis Method The data collected from the questionnaires will be analyzed by using Likert Scaling method. 3. esult and discussion Objective (i): To understand the concept of Industrialised Building System (IBS) The first objective was achieved by finding and explaining wide informations about IBS and been discussed in Chapter 2, Literature Review. Many resources from internets, journals, project papers as well as newspaper is used in gaining information on IBS. In Chapter 2, starting from definition of IBS, discussion on the history as well as the general knowledge on IBS is discussed. Then, some discussion on current construction method in Malaysian construction industry is carried on to compare the IBS methods with the conventional method.In addition, more detailed information on IBS is provided such as, IBS in Malaysia and Sarawak which elaborated on the progress of IBS implementation in Malaysia as well as Sarawak, and also the need of IBS which discussed on the reasons why should IBS be implemented. Apart from that, knowledge on feature of IBS, types of IBS, the sequence of construction for IBS method, advantages of IBS, and challenges of IBS implementation in Malaysia also been provided in Chapter 2 which i s at page 12 until 38. All of this information aims to increase the knowledge and understanding the concept of Industrial Building System (IBS) to a higher level.The knowledge of IBS need to be improves especially amongst the construction players as well as citizens in Sarawak so that IBS implementation in this state can be increase. Objective (ii): To identify the challenges of implementation of IBS in Sarawak As discussed before, Part B of the questionnaires distribution assessment is conducted as to achieve the second objective which is to identify the challenges of implementation of IBS in Sarawak. These factors are the factor that is discussed in Chapter 2 on challenges of IBS implementation in Malaysia [2]. Another factor has been add on is Green Building Index (GBI).IBS is more towards GBI as wastage on site is reduced and pollutions due to work and progress done on site can be prevented. Green Building Index(GBI) was the world first tropical green tool design and developed b y Persatuan Arkitk Malaysia (PAM) and Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia (ACEM). Implementing Green Building Index will need more knowledge and experience since it is also a new tool in the construction industry. There are five main factors provided in the Part B section for construction players to rank according to their agreement on challenges of implementation of IBS in Sarawak, which are: i.Awareness ii. Knowledge iii. Cost iv. Acceptance v. Green Building Index (GBI) Summary of overall main challenges of IBS implementation in Sarawak Table 1: Scale Index of overall challenges factor by construction players Scale| Level of agreement| Index| 1| Strongly Disagree| 3. 31? Min index