Cultural Anthropology Comparison Essay Essay

Two writers distributed separate articles that talked about the impacts of Technology on families and on society all in all. These articles are Technology and Social Change: The Effects on Family and Community, composed by Jan English-Lueck in 1998 and Communication innovations that will completely change us, composed by Graham T. T. Screen in 2003. In any case, while the two writers talked about a similar theme, which is the way innovation by and large influences the lives of individuals, they contrast in the zones that they concentrated on in their separate articles. Fundamentally, English-Lueck, in his article, asserted that innovation has not quite influenced the manner in which relatives impart among one another, however has rather improved it. As per him, the most huge and most evident effect of innovation on a family is that a person’s working hours reach out to their work home. At the end of the day, a because of the gigantic upgrade of innovation, an individual brings their work home when the individual ought to assign that time for their family. In light of English-Lueck’s article, while this can at first be seen as a negative effect, the truth of the matter is, innovation has very improved the manner in which relatives convey among one another. For instance, a family outdoors excursion can without much of a stretch be arranged in a solitary evening using a pager or an E-mail when contrasted with the regular technique for arranging it over supper. In addition, as indicated by the article, relatives who invest the majority of their energy at work can consistently check if their kids by paging them or calling them utilizing a cellphone. Moreover, an individual can react to crisis obligations at work through by utilizing a fax machine. At the end of the day, English-Lueck in his article asserts that it isn't right to expect that results of innovation has contrarily influenced the family life since it they have really made correspondence between individuals progressively advantageous and increasingly consistent. Then again, Graham T. T. Monitor’s article concentrated on how fast innovation has been expanding over the previous years and how this has lead to separating boundaries in correspondence. Fundamentally, Monitor said that because of steady mechanical headways, which he accepts will before long match the speed and intensity of the human mind, the general public and families, both youthful and old, can undoubtedly get to a wide range of advanced specialized gadgets that can empower them to convey among themselves anyplace and whenever. As indicated by him, this is perhaps the most significant impact on the family since it connects the separation between relatives or kinfolk that are far away from one another. At the end of the day, Monitor asserts that the innovation is improving so quickly that individuals could never need to stress over correspondence issues. To put it plainly, the two creators guarantee that while innovative headways can at first seem overpowering, it ought not unfavorably influence the manner in which families live their lives yet rather improve it. As per them, as innovation improves, families ought to adjust to these new changes and use them for their potential benefit. Besides, both English-Lueck and Montior concurred on a basic level that these mechanical improvements make work, family the board, and, the greater part of all, correspondence increasingly proficient and that these innovative patterns will proceed later on.

The Death Penalty Is Dead Wrong :: Capital Punishment

Why the Death Penalty is Dead Wrong A great many people contend that capital punishment isn't a type of merciless and strange discipline. Be that as it may, this is incredibly off base. Hot seat casualties can take as long as 14 minutes to bite the dust, keeping up full cognizance as their substance starts to sear and consume off. During deadly infusion, "even a slight mistake in measurements or organization can leave a detainee cognizant in any case, deadened with torment, filling in as an observer for his own demise." The following is an onlooker record of an Arizona gas chamber execution given by Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens: "When the exhaust encompassed Don's head he took a snappy breath. A couple of moments later, he glanced again in my heading. His face was red and bended as though he were endeavoring to battle through enormous torment. His mouth was pressed together shut and his jaw was grasped tight. Wear at that point took a few all the more snappy swallows of the exhaust. His body begun writhing savagely and his skin turned a profound red...the viens in his sanctuary and neck started to swell until I figured they may detonate. After about a moment, Don's face inclined halfway forward, however he was still very cognizant. He was shivering wildly and his body was racked with fits. His head kept on snapping back. His clench hands were held firmly. After a few additional minutes, the most rough of the seizures died down. At this time, the muscles along Don's left arm and back started jerking in a wavelike movement under his skin. Saliva slobbered from his mouth. Wear Harling took precisely ten minutes and 31 seconds to kick the bucket. Roughly three months afterward, he was found innocent." Also, it wasn't the first run through. Pardon International locales that "from 1900 to 1985 more than 350 individuals condemned to death were later seen as guiltless of the wrongdoings charged. Some excaped execution by just minutes, however 23 were really executed. Inside the most recent 20 years, 54 Americans under sentence of death have been discharged in light of proof of their innocence." In contrast to an actual existence detainment, passing offers no additional opportunity. On the off chance that new proof surfaces after the individual has been executed, it's past the point where it is possible to do anything about it. Capital punishment doesn't set aside citizens any cash, either. Numerous individuals have the misguided judgment that hoodlums ought not be permitted to "rot in jail" squandering citizens cash. In any case, an investigation directed by the Death Punishment Information Center (DPIC) presumes that citizens pay an normal of $3.2 million dollars for every capital punishment case - enough to sentence somebody to 120 years in a most extreme security office. Capital punishment is likewise not a detterent to wrongdoing.

Essay Topics on Sports and Society - How to Write Essays on Sports and Society

Essay Topics on Sports and Society - How to Write Essays on Sports and SocietyEssay topics on sports and society have become more complicated because of the huge amount of diversity found in today's world. Sports are affected by many different factors that range from physical conditions to mental health to lifestyle changes to society itself. If you have a sport that you'd like to discuss, it's important to write about all of these different elements so that you can get your essay articles across to your reader with as little confusion as possible.First, it is important to remember that the nature of a sport is something that is very flexible. Sports are not static. They change and grow and evolve as time goes on. Because of this, you must learn about the events that occur within the sport and the public relations that surround those events. The public has an intense interest in sports, so you should take advantage of this and make your essay topics sports and society interesting.Whe n you want to get into sports and society, you need to focus on what athletes have to deal with on a daily basis. A good topic to start with is the psychology of sports. When you're thinking about sports and psychology, you will be able to really get into some deep and important issues that often times do not get enough attention. When you are covering the subject of sports and psychology, you will be able to give a perspective on why athletes are so determined to overcome personal problems and professional concerns. If you are going to include this topic in your essay, you must also include any other mental health related topics that are relevant to the sport.In addition to the topics related to athletes and psychology, you also need to have a place to talk about sports and society. Think about what kinds of social issues could be considered sports and society related. These include things like violence, racism, teen suicide, and alcohol abuse among others. By focusing on these iss ues, you will be able to give your essay topics sports and society an exciting aspect that your readers will enjoy.Many students may not think that essay topics on sports and society is a problem, but it really is. You will be adding so much to your essay that a reader will get lost in the details if you do not talk about these topics in a specific manner. For example, you may want to write about people in sports and society who deal with alcoholism. While you are discussing people who have these problems, you may also want to include the different types of alcohol that they consume.It's important to be as specific as possible when you're writing about these social aspects of sports and society. By getting too general, you'll be giving the reader a taste of what the topic is without actually giving them a full grasp of what it is. Be sure to include the different methods of consuming alcohol so that you can be as specific as possible in your essay topics.Another thing that you need to think about when you're choosing essay topics for the past year is the scope of what you're writing about. If you're going to be talking about sports and society, you'll need to be specific about what you're looking at. Not only should you give examples of social issues that are relevant to the topic, but you should also be able to give examples of things that happen during a game, week, or season.In order to be successful at all of this, it's a good idea to plan your topics out before you begin. You should make a schedule and divide the topics into sections for your year so that you have a sense of what your topics will be and how long each one will be. Make sure that you include all of the components that you need to cover when you're planning out your topics. Having an outline will help you focus on the important things so that you can get your essay topics written quickly and easily.

Macbeth Mental Illness Essay - 746 Words

In the beginning of the play, Macbeth was in a great state of mind, he won the war for the people of Scotland, and was seen as a hero. On the way home from war, Macbeth meets three witches who prophesied that he will become The King of Scotland, which led to the ultimate downfall of his mental health. Throughout the rest of the play, you start to see him struggle with insomnia, hyperarousal, hallucinations, paranormal schizophrenia, and anxiety which we see throughout the play, that gradually gets worse. Just before Macbeth goes into Duncan‘s room, he envisions a bloody dagger which is one of the many psychotic episodes that he’s bound to have. Macbeths actions, thoughts, and need to keep his masculinity in order, lead to the fall of†¦show more content†¦After the murder of Banquo, MacBeth hallucinates Banquo’s ghost at the table, And states that he cannot sit down because the table is full (3.4). I personally believe that Lady MacBeth was the ultimate re ason for MacBeth’s mental deterioration, she played a key part in his decision-making when it came to his run in of power. This all leads up to the incompatibility of living a normal life, which led to the downfall of him being king. MacBeth is influenced by his wife to kill Duncan, wasn’t so much of her influencing him it was more of her challenging his manhood. With him being king in a war he had to uphold his reputation for being â€Å"tough†, which means that he did not want the enemy to think of him and lesser of a man than he really was. If you can’t look up to someone who’s king, masculine, and a war hero who else are you supposed to look up to. In my view I think this was Macbeth’s softspot, he always wanted to seem like a competitor he always wanted to be the victor. MacBeth had a problem with leaving things alone he could have not been dethroned, had he just killed Dunkin, and Macduff. He killed Banquo because the people viewed him as a well respected and royal man, and in Macbeth’s eyes this was a potential threat that had to be dealt with. During Macbeth’s run in with power, instead of getting the glory, joy, throne, and the power that comes with being king, MacBeth only set himself up forShow MoreRelatedEssay On Mental Illness In Macbeth1182 Words   |  5 PagesScotland vs. Macbeth, the prosecution will claim a tale of a power-hungry man who let ambition get the best of him. They will present physical evidence of him with the dagger, him conspiring with his wife, and him hiring men to kill. However, the evidence presented today by the defense will tell the true story: a man overtaken by mental illness. Macbeth displays the classic signs of narcissistic personality disorder: elevated sense of entitlement and delusions about power. While Macbeth did commitRead MoreSexual Frustration as the Root of Evil Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagespeople develop neuroses as a result of frustration. Freud’s essays on this topic postulate that sexual repression may result in aggressive behavior. These two elements emerge in the characters in Macbeth. In Freud’s book, Civilization and its discontents, he takes the premise even farther by correlating severe sexual frustration with the onset of psychoses. In regard to Macbeth, I believe that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth portray this spiral into psychosis as a result of theirRead MoreMacbeth Essay819 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth Essay In Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, Macbeth undergoes many psychological tribulations. There is no doubt that he is insane, but the specifics of his conditions help explain the peculiarities of the play. Macbeth’s character was perhaps the culmination of all the psychological disorders known at Shakespeare’s day. He experienced disorders such as split personality, schizophrenia, and post traumatic stress. These disorders could be caused by stress on the battlefield and a poor spousalRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1582 Words   |  7 Pagesto you and told you would be king would you trust them? Macbeth did and ultimately it led to his tragic demise. The tragedy of Macbeth was written by famous poet William Shakespeare in the earl sixteen hundredth. The play dramatizes the destructive physical and mental effects of radical ambition for people who seek authority for the benefit of an individual. Macbeth’s theme of ambition, lust for powe r, faith, and gullibility makes Macbeth his own antagonist, which is directly correlated to his deathRead MoreShakespeares Novel Macbeth1577 Words   |  7 Pagesif no one felt guilt? If no one ever caught caught for their crimes? In Shakespeares novel, Macbeth, the main characters commit crimes driven by their ambition. After committing the first crime Macbeth, the main antagonist is overwhelmed with guilt. His wife, Lady Macbeth plotted the first crime and was the main force pushing Macbeth to kill. In the end Macbeth is charged with the truth and Lady Macbeth kills herself both brought down equally from guilt. Guilt and fear of being found out causesRead MoreLady Macbeth1937 Words   |  8 PagesLady Macbeth Essay I am going to do an essay on a play called Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare. The play is a tragedy, believed to have been written in 1611-12. The play is about a man named Macbeth whom, at first is a kind, tender man who later gets tempted by three foul witches to commit a murder in order to become king. Macbeth’s wife, Lady Macbeth is thrilled by the prophecies given by the witches and is eager for Macbeth to commit the murder. Macbeth disagrees with his wife greatlyRead MoreWas Lady Macbeth Evil? Essay2956 Words   |  12 PagesLady Macbeth is the penultimate person in the play, especially at the beginning, next to Macbeth himself. And though she does not survive to the end, her influence on Macbeth lasts throughout. She is most influential person in Macbeth ´s downfall, next to the witches. However, her relationship with him goes far deeper then that of the witches. It is my belief that the witches act only as a trigger to start the events in the play, and that Lady Macbeth herself was the driving force behindRead MoreMacbeth Dreams Visions and Hallucinations Rereading2477 Words   |  10 PagesThe influence of Dreams, Visions and Hallucinations in Macbeth and other Literary Texts â€Å"The realities of the world affected me as visions, and as visions only, while the wild ideas of the land of dreams became, in turn,—not the material of my every-day existence--but in very deed that existence utterly and solely in itself.† ---- Edgar Allan Poe Uncanny encounters with visions and hallucinations blur the presumed constraints of time and space. The ‘phantasms’ or sensory impressionsRead MoreTragic Drama According to AC Bradleys Theory of Shakespeare and a Comparison of Arthur Miller and August Wilsons Concept of Tragedy2899 Words   |  12 Pageswe become fascinated. Bradley emphasizes on viewing the literary techniques used not as the basic constituents but as the expression of tragedy. Some of the major characters in Shakespeares renowned tragedies are Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth. Most of these characters are individual sufferers as in reality; a single man faces the paradoxes of life. In every work of Shakespeare, irrespective of the individually unique traits, we find a shattered hope or a failed ambition as a reason forRead Moreshakespeare influences16068 Words   |  65 PagesQUESTION 5. SIGNIFICANCE AND RATIONALE 6. ANALYSIS 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. ABSTRACT This thesis analysis the textual and symbolic similarities between Shakespeare s tragedies Macbeth and Hamlet and William Faulkner s the sound and the furry and Absalom, Absalom!. Faulkner absorbed essential characteristics of Shakespearean tragedies and utilized them consciously and unconsciously in the creation of his own tragic figures. Comparison

Marriage and Kinship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2461 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Marriage is recognized as the basic foundation on which family is formed. Anthropologists view marriage as a way of different societies understanding mating and its consequences. It is a union of two people that is used to regulate heterosexual relationships, stating who is an acceptable sexual partner and who is not. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Marriage and Kinship" essay for you Create order It is the foundation of families.   Through marriage, households are formed, resulting in the development of kinship ties and continuing of family name by birth. In the western culture, marriage results in permanent bonds between the couple, with centrally assigned sexual rights among the couple and parenthood responsibility. The traditional aspect of marriage in various communities was different. This paper aims at tackling the change in the anthropological view of marriage and kinship ties in the society. People get married for various reasons. Some are logic and some are not at all. People marry because they are in love. They decide to spend the rest of their lives together. It is easy to assume so, but not many get to marry because of love always. Others are in the marriage because they do not want to be lonely, or they are pregnant and do not want to be single parents. Others marry for financial purposes. Traditionally, marriage is to provide companionship and create an ideal environment for the couple to have children and continue their linage. Some reasons for marriage are political and others are economic. Families will intermarry to keep power within their dynasties. Marriage is not always about love or sex only. In communities where sex before marriage is prohibited, marriage gives the couple a license to practice sex without questioning. It gives one the right to sexually own the other. It commits two, to be together in body and soul, to provide for their children and be reco gnized by the society (Williams, 43). Anthropologically, all the definitions given to marriage and kinship try to account for all the changes that these two institutions have gone through. This is for instance taking into account polyandrous marriages and gay marriages. Most anthropologists view marriage as a legitimacy based institution though economic anthropologists like Duran Bell criticize this idea. Other anthropologists argue that not all definitions of marriage apply to all communities. Leach offered a list of rights associated with marriage. They include: Establishing of a legal father to a woman’s child Give the child a legal mother Give the couple monopoly in sexuality Give a husband rights to a wife’s domestic labor services and the wife too those of the husband Give the couple monopoly over each other’s property. To establish a joint property ownership for the benefit of the children And establish a relationship of affinity between the husband and wife’s brothers. Marriage was formerly tied to just man and woman. So much has changed within the marriage institution now. Same sex marriages are not strange of late.   Monogamy and gay marriages are factors that have changed with time. So is marriages to next of kin. A cultural anthropologist Robert Meyers observes the changes the marriage institution has undergone over the years. He states that the traditional form of marriage in the United States of America was monogamy. Polygamy and polyandry was shunned and looked down upon. The idea of marrying kin members was also a repulsive idea and most Americans did not approve of it.   Now the situation is different though. Polyandry and polygamy are not a big issue. Cousins can marry without much societal reproach. Gay marriages have been constitutionalized. Divorces are almost becoming a trend. The basic structure of marriage that used to exist got smashed along the way. These factors are discussed more below. Monogamy. This is the practice of marrying one wife or one husband at a time. There are any types of marriages but this is the only type of marriage that is legal in most nations. In some states polygamy was allowed due to traditional cultures but over time, it became illegal. Monogamy can be social, sexual, martial, or genetic. It is social monogamy when two people choose to build their lives around each other in terms of sex and parenting. Sexual monogamy is when the couple is sexually exclusive with each other.   Genetic monogamy is where the two have only children with each other, and serial monogamy is where one partner quits a relationship with the other and moves on to the next partner, one at a time. Christianity upholds monogamy and it being the main religion in most nations, monogamy is widely practiced. It is important to notice that although monogamy involves one partner at a time, one can divorce and marry someone else. Polygamy Polygamy is the marrying of various spouses. It can either be a man marrying more than one wife (polygyny) or the woman having more than one husband, (polyandry). Polygyny is the common of the two and is practiced in some religions like Islam and Mormonism. Having several wives/husbands or sexual partners is different from having concubines. There are two types of polyandry, fraternal and secondary marriage. Fraternal polyandry is where brothers marry the same wife and all have responsibility to the children produced in the relationship. This tradition was practiced to preserve family wealth. In secondary marriage, the rule is one is married for life. So the woman can marry another man while still married to the previous husband. This practice is common in Nigeria and Congo. In the polygynous families, the relationship between the husband and the wives and also the wives with each other and the children depends on how the father figure behaves. When he treats all his wives fairly, th ere is usually minimal conflicts and the wives cohabitate in peace with minimal jealousy for each other. The children are also taught to respect all the wives and view them as their mothers. With appropriate behavior demonstrated by all parties involved, the only conflict issue that might arise among the women would be the difference in the number of children they have or their literacy levels. In the polygynous families, conflict would arise due to jealousy issues. Polyamory. Polyamory is a complicated kind of a relationship where more than two people are in a closed relationship with each other. A relationship of three is a triad and having more is referred to as polycule.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here, the involved parties have a number of sexual and committed partners since they believe love is infinite and it is possible to love as many people and have relationship with them all. Same sex marriage. Lesbians, gays, bisexual, and transgender people in the society are finally finding their voices in the society and being recognized. The constitutional amendment in the Supreme Court in 2015 allowed for their marriages. Many individuals who identify with the LGBTQ group in most societies still face a lot of discrimination, nonetheless. It is a practice that is yet to be recognized in most societies. Canada, Mexico, France, and Ireland are among the countries that have approved of gay marriages in their nation. A lot of awareness is being raised about the LGBTQ society. In several schools in countries that approve of it, clubs are formed to help the students identify with this practice if they are sexually oriented in this direction. Ghost marriage. Ghost marriages are practiced in some communities when a wealthy man dies without children. The wife marries his â€Å"ghost† while the brother to the dead man takes his position, hence he can raise off spring for him with the wife. The children born of this marriage are entitled to inheritance of the deceased wealth. Ghost marriages are practiced in China, Nigeria and Sudan.   It is different from a levirate marriage though. Arranged marriage. Arranged marriages are ones where the couples are introduced to each other by two interested parties. For instance, parents might decide they want their families intermarried and hence nudge their children to get married. The marriage can be forced or the individuals are given time to court each other.   The marriages usually serve to benefit the party that introduces the couple to each other more than the couple does.   They, however, tend to last longer and thrive unlike other marriages as the couple learns to grow with each other and from the support they receive. Once a couple is established, they assume different settlement patterns. Some find a shelter independent from their parents and the other family members. Some assume patrilocal settlement whereby they settle with the groom’s family. In matrilocal settlement, they move in with the wife’s family, though this is not a common practice. Child marriage. This is a type of marriage where both spouses are under 18 or one of the spouse. It was a common practice until it got condemned by international human rights organizations. In some communities, the consent for marriage was when the girl was 7 years of age. Child marriages were as a result of poverty and social pressures mostly. In some parts of the world like South Asia, child marriage is still widely practiced. Cohabitation. Some countries recognize cohabitation as a marriage institution that is lieu of taxation like in Australia. Cultural references of marriages. The different kinship ties in the society determine how people interact with each other. There are basic fundamental relations accorded in marriage that cannot be ignored. For instance is the responsibility of the marrying families to each other. This is in terms of dowry and bride wealth. Dowry is paid by the bride’s family to the grooms. In some communities like among the Indians, it is the ladies who take the dowry. It can be inform of money or house hold goods or land. It is considered a contribution of the lady to her inheritance. Bride wealth on the other hand is an equivalent of the dowry but now from the groom’s side as a contribution to the bride’s family to act as a compensation for losing their daughter to him. Other kinship relations are addressed in terms of endogamy, exogamy, isogamy or hypergamy/hypogamy. Endogamy is practice of marriage only from specific groups or cultures. It can be in terms of ethnicity, social class, or religion. Based on this, any other person does not make a suitable marriage partner. Exogamy involves marrying from outside a given cultural group, and is done to avoid close kin marriages (Fox, 1983, 273). Divorce. When a marriage does not work out as a couple would want it to, they seek a legal dissolution of their marriage that declares them both single. While it is legal and allowed in most countries, it is considered a taboo in some. In Philippines, a couple cannot divorce under the law of the land. It doesn’t matter where the couple is, but under no circumstance can they divorce. Their marriage can only be declared null if there was some sort of mistake in their marriage. In Christianity, divorce is also shunned. Under the Roman Catholic law, a couple cannot divorce. The effects of divorce are tremendous, not just to the couple but to the children too. There are various causes of people to divorce, right from infidelity or thee couple realizing they are no longer in love with each other. Other reasons can be financial problems or health related. Whatever the reason, the results of the divorce can cause one depression. Not just the affected spouse, but the children too. The rates for divorce have tripled over the century. Kinship. Kinship is a cultural link between people formed either by blood, marriage or adoption. It forms the basis of social interactions among people. In anthropology, however, there have been various debates on the exact meaning of kinship. Robin Fox considers study of kinship as thee study of what people do with mating, parenthood and socialization with each other. Thus is the study of descent, lineage, and fictive kinship. Kinship ties formed by descent links can be unilineal, whereby the person identifies with descent from the mother or father’s side. From father’s side, they are patrilineal and from mother’s side it is matrilineal. Most societies identify with the patrilineal descent, as they are usually chauvinistic, giving dominance to the males. In the societies that identify with the matrilineal side, it is the women who hold power in the society and this is practiced in very few communities. A bilineal descent is one that gives credit to both parent’s d escents. It is also referred to as a bilateral descent. The kinship ties that are formed by marriage are referred to as affinity. They form basis of how individuals are divided and organized into social groups like family. The family. The family is a social unit in which a couple comes together to raise their children together. Anthropologists and feminists debate whether a family can be complete without a father Families are made up of members by birth or marriage. . A conjugal family has both father and mother whereas a non-conjugal does not. A matrifocal one is made up of just the mother and her children. An extended family includes other members of the family like aunts and uncles. The main purpose of a family is to produce children to carry on with the family name (Welsch, 327). One is able to keep a track of his kinship roots by taking into account genealogical records. Genealogy records are passed down the history lane by various means. They can be by historical records, oral, or modern genealogy. It not only serves to prevent same blood marriage but also is a source of pride, especially for those with royalty in their blood line. It is true that marriage is not only about the couple becoming parents. It is a basic rite of passage in life. Most societies have age limits beyond which the person begins getting the pressure to marry from the society. It is a fundamental part of a person’s life, not just to him, but to the society as whole.   That would explain why pressure is placed upon an individual to marry once they are of certain age. After kinship and marriage, anthropologists are now focusing on romantic love. In their previous studies of marriage and kinship, they shunned romantic love with the western society only. Now the in many countries, they have noticed the bloom of romance. Romantic love is forming the new basis for marriages now in today’s society. Nonetheless, marriage is still accorded respect in the society and viewed as an important rite of human passage. It can be terminated by death of a partner, divorce, or annulment. Most marriages nowadays end up in divorce and so do many kinship ties as they are not payed much attention to anymore.

Can Fiction be Philosophy Essay - 3907 Words

This paper examines the relation between philosophy and literature through an analysis of claims made by Martha Nussbaum regarding the contribution novels can make to moral philosophy. Perhaps her most controversial assertion is that some novels are themselves works of moral philosophy. I contrast Nussbaum’s view with that of Iris Murdoch. I discuss three claims which are fundamental to Nussbaum’s position: the relation between writing style and content; philosophy’s inadequacy in preparing agents for moral life because of its reliance on rules; and the usefulness of the moral work engaged in by readers of novels. The evaluation of these claims requires a discussion of the nature of philosophy. I find that Murdoch and Nussbaum agree on the†¦show more content†¦(2) My purpose here is to examine this assertion. In the process I will compare Nussbaums view with that of Iris Murdoch. I have selected for discussion three central claims from Loves Knowledge, Nussbaums essays on philosophy and literature. The first claim pertains to the relation of writing style to content. (3) On this topic Nussbaum suggests that writing style is not neutral; the form of writing influences the content conveyed; certain aspects of life cannot be conveyed adequately in argumentative writing; and literary artists can state...truths about human life which escape philosophical prose. (4) The second claim concerns Nussbaums view that philosophys concentration on rules has obscured the need for perception of particular (possibly unique) features of concrete situations. Nussbaum finds that moral philosophers usual reliance on rules, when addressing questions concerning proper conduct, underrates the significance of the concrete details of moral life. Therefore, philosophy does a poor job of preparing persons for moral life. (5) The third claim is that literature has the potential to engage the reader in a form of moral work which is not summoned by philosophical texts. Nussbaum points out that certain novels engage the reader in the work of thinkingShow MoreRelatedArrow Of God By Chinua Achebe998 Words   |  4 Pagessoldier employed by MNU (IMDb). In both stories, Arrow of God and District 9, there are very blunt patterns of fiction, distinct archetypes, and prominent philosophies used. The stories above are two different types of media, with similar content. Both book and movie shows a tribe being pushed out of their home, in almost the same way. In both stories we see patterns of fiction, which is when a reader is introduced to a character and some event or a challenge occurs. In Arrow of God, EzeuluRead MoreWhat Links Disciplines Of Literature, Philosophy And Mathematics1635 Words   |  7 PagesWhat links the disciplines of literature, philosophy and mathematics? The answer is, quite simply, fiction. 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Commercial Law for Corporation Act - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCommercial Law for Corporation Act. Answer: As per section 198 A of the corporation Act 2001, directors of the company has number of powers and this section define those powers. Clause 2 of this section states that director has power to exercise all their powers related to company, but there is an exception which clarifies directors cannot exercise those powers which need to be exercised in general meeting of the company as per Act or companys constitution. This can be understand with example which states that company directors have power to issue shares and debentures, and borrow money for the company[1]. Section 124 of the Act defines the companys legal capacity and power, and this section stated legal capacity of the company exists both inside and outside of jurisdiction, and power of company also includes power of body corporate, and under this power company can issue shares and cancel those shares[2]. Section 254A states power of company to issue bonus shares, this section stated that company has power to issue shares under section 124 and this power also includes the power to issue bonus shares. However, bonus shares are defined as those shares in which consideration is not paid by shareholders for getting the shares to the issuing company, and company does not increase its share capital while issuing bonus shares[3]. In this case, Waldmart Ltd directors pass resolution in the board meeting to issue bonus shares to those people who are considered as existing shareholders of the company, and power to issue bonus shares is provided to the directors by the constitution of the company. Section 198 of the Act states that director has power to exercise all their powers related to company, and Section 254 A of the Act states that company has power to issue shares under section 124 and this power also includes the power to issue bonus shares, and directors are allowed to issue bonus shares from the Constitution of the company. All these facts state that directors of Waldmart Ltd can issue bonus shares because this power is imposed by various sections of the act as well as constitution of the company. As per section 180 of the Act directors are bound by various duties and this section define these duties, and clause 1 of this section defines the most important duty of director, as director are obliged to exercise their power related to company with due care and diligence that would be exercised by any reasonable person in similar situation it that person is act as the director or officer of the company, occupied the office of the director or such person has same responsibilities as the director. Whereas, clause 2 of this section defines the judgment rule of business, and according to this clause it is the obligation of director that they meet the requirements stated under subsection 1 for the purpose of making the business judgment. However, it is the duty of directors that they make the judgments related to business in good faith, and ensure that their judgment must be in the best interest of the organization[4][5]. Therefore, shareholders cannot deny or overrule the decision made by directors in direct way, but different ways are provided by law, through which they can overrule the decisions of directors such as, those shareholders who holds at least 5% stake in the company compel the directors of the company to call general meeting. In such general meeting shareholders of the company can determine the resolution passed by directors for the purpose of overrule the decision made by directors. Some legal rights are also available to the shareholders if directors of the company do not act in the companys interest[6]. In this situation, Better Super Ltd and the other shareholder of the company can force or compel the directors of the company to call general meeting for reconsidering their decisions. Provisions related to dividend payment in company is defined by section 254U of the Corporation Act 2001, and as per this section payment of dividend can be determined by directors of the company, and they also have power to fix the rate or amount on which dividend is payable, time for dividend payment, and also the method of payment. Method for paying the dividend includes various methods such as cash payment, issue of shares, granting options to existing shareholders, and the transfer of interest. This section further states that any kind of interest on dividend is not payable[7]. According to section 254T of the Act define the situations in which directors can pay dividend to shareholders, and subsection 1 of this section states that company can only pay dividend when liabilities of the company are less than the assets of the company just before the declaration of dividend, and it is necessary that such excess amount must be sufficient for making the payments to shareholders. It must be noted that directors are not allowed to pay dividend unless they show that payment made by them is fair and reasonable for both shareholders as well as for company, and such payment does not affect the materially affect the ability of the company to make payment to its creditors. For example, in case company become insolvent after paying dividend to its existing shareholders, then this payment materially affect the capacity of company to make payment to its creditors. However, Section 588G also states that it is duty of director to prevent insolvent trading in context of declaration and payment of dividend. Subsection 2 of this section stated that for the purpose of this section all assets and liabilities of the company are calculated as per the applicable accounting standards. However, assets and liabilities are still calculated as per accounting standards even though those standards are not applicable to some or all the related companies[8]. As stated above, Section 588G of the Act that it is duty of director to prevent insolvent trading in context of declaration and payment of dividend, and this section further stated that applicability of this section is possible only in case when person holds the position of director in the company at that time when debt is incurred, and when company become insolvent due to that debt. However, at that time reasonable grounds must be there to believe that company is insolvent or it would become insolvent. Clause A of subsection 1 of this section for the purpose of incurring debt, company must pay dividend or companys constitution states the payment of dividend[9]. In the present case, Waldmart Ltd directors make proposal in the meeting to declare dividend and they also make proposal to increase the rate of dividend up to 25%. Directors increased the rate of dividend because existing shareholders of the company rejects the remuneration report of directors in last general meeting, and that time first strike is received by the company. According to the opinion of directors of the company, they are confident that their dividend proposal would please the shareholders of the company so that they did not make any issue related to first strike. However, letter was issued by directors to the shareholders of the company, and letter contains the justification related to remuneration report on the part of directors which contains reasons related to excess remuneration and importance of approving the reports. Jim Smith holds the position of manager in Better Super Ltd has 4% stake in the equity of waldmart Ltd. As per the opinion of Jim and other shareholders, decision of directors for issuing bonus shares is not the right decision, and they also think that increasing rate of dividend is also not right during this unstable financial position of the company. In this case, directors do not act in the best interest of the company by declaring the dividend, and this is considered as breach of duty. Therefore, shareholders of the company can apply for order from Court under section 232 of the Corporation Act 2001, and this remedy is availbale to shareholders under section 234[10] of the Corporation Act 2001[11]. According to section 232 of the Act, Court can make order under section 233 if any affairs of the company, any act or omission on companys behalf, and any resolution or proposed resolution passed by directors of the company contravene the member interest in the company[12]. In the corporation Act 2001, new amendment was introduced on 1st July 2011, and this amendment named as two strikes. However, the main aim of this amendment is to increase the accountability of directors related to their remunerations. As per this amendment directors of the company clearly face the re-election on remuneration reports if shareholders of the company are not agreed with the amount paid to directors of the company[13]. According to this amendment first strike occurred when remuneration report of the company received no vote of 25% at AGM of the company from the existing shareholders. However, remuneration report of the company contains the salary and bonus details related to each director of the company. Obligation is also imposed on directors in this amendment to provide explanation to the shareholders concern stated in previous remuneration report, and these explanations are provided by directors in subsequent remuneration report under section 249L (2), the Remuneration Amendment Act. In this amendment, second strike occurred when subsequent remuneration report of the company received no vote of 25% at AGM of the company from the existing shareholders. If second strike is received by the company then all shareholders of the company voted on the matter of re-election. It must be noted that this matter of re-election is determined in the same annual general meeting in which second strike occurred. After this spill meeting take place within 90 days of AGM, if spill resolution receives 50% or more votes. This can be understand in other words also, which means that in case spill resolution received equal to or more than 50% votes, then company must held extra ordinary general meeting of the shareholders of the company within 90 days of passing the spill resolution. This meeting is also named as spill meeting, and in this meeting shareholders of the company has power to remove all the directors except CEO, and if shareholders exercise this power then deeming provision is applicable there which ensures that at least three directors must be there. In case spill meeting is not hold by the company in 90 days of passing the spill resolution then each person who holds the director position in the company is liable for the offence committed under strict liability stated under Section 250W, the Remuneration Amendment Act. This new amendment aims binding vote on remuneration report and policy of the company, and this amendment gives power to shareholders to spill the directors of the company under second strike. The main purpose of spill meeting is to decide whether board of the company is retained or not[14]. This new amendment is more useful as compared to old provision, and the difference between the two strike rule and the previous law CLERP 9 is because in this new amendment provision is stated that directors replied to the shareholders concern even after the first strike in case of listed Australian companies. Therefore, this rule is described as wreaking havoc by the Mr. John Colvin, CEO of the Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD)[15]. Bibliography Statute Corporation Act 2001. corporations amendment (improving accountability on director and executive remuneration) bill 2011. Article Lin Elicia, Shareholder oppression explained, https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/4614/shareholder-oppression-explained.aspx. Georgia Wilkins, What is the 'two-strikes' rule, (2012) https://www.smh.com.au/business/agm-season/what-is-the-twostrikes-rule-20121008-278us.html. Website Legal service commission, General Duties of Directors - Corporations Act 2001 (Ctth), https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch05s01s03s02.php. Law Donut, Shareholder and boardroom disputes FAQs, https://www.lawdonut.co.uk/business/business-ownership-and-management/shareholder-and-boardroom-disputes/shareholder-and-boardroom-disputes-faqs#SBD10. Reza Monema Chew Ng, Australias two-strikes rule and the pay-performance link: Are shareholders judicious, https://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/54958/90206_1.pdf?sequence=1.